4.2.1
BUD BREAK (New buds show ¼ to ½” green at tips)
4.2.1.1
Anthracnose
Symptoms- Small, purple spots scattered over young
canes appear in the spring. The spots enlarge to about one eighth inch in diameter,
become sunken in the center, and turn gray with a purple border. Many spots
can run together to form large sunken diseased areas on the cane. This
disease is much more severe on black and purple raspberries than on reds.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
Remove
and burn diseased canes before new canes
emerge in the spring. Prune bushes to maintain good air circulation. Further
promote air circulation by controlling weeds and establishing narrowing
fruiting rows.
Conventional products
Apply a
delayed dormant spray1 of lime sulfur or copper. Note:
On fall-bearing red raspberries, this spray is not necessary if the previous year’s
canes are mowed and removed from the planting or thoroughly shredded.
A.lime sulfur- Miller’s Lime Sulfur Solution 29% (6 - 12 gal/100
gal water) or Sulforix (3 - 6 gal/100 gal water). OR
B.copper hydroxide- (several products), e.g., Kocide DF (4 lb/A) or
Kocide 2000 (3 lb/A) or Champ Dry Prill (2 2/3 lb/A). OR
D.azoxystrobin- Abound (6.2 - 15.4 fl oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Abound before alternating with
another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than three
applications of Abound per season. Abound is extremely phytotoxic to certain
apple varieties. DO NOT apply Abound where drift may reach apple trees. DO
NOT apply when conditions are favor drift beyond the intended area of
application. DO NOT treat apple trees with equipment that has been previously
used to apply Abound. OR
E.pyraclostrobin- Cabrio EG (14 oz/A). Do not make more than two
sequential applications of Cabrio before alternating with another product
with a different mode of action. Apply no more than four applications of
Cabrio per season. OR
F.pyraclostrobin/boscalid- Pristine WG (18.5 – 23.0 oz/A). Do not
make more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating
with another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than four
applications of Pristine per season.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
Apply a
delayed dormant spray1 of lime sulfur or copper.
1This “delayed
dormant” application has always been the most important spray for the control
of the major cane diseases. Thorough coverage is essential for control;
therefore, this spray should be applied on a calm day and in a sufficient
amount of water to soak the canes completely. Sprays applied after half inch
green-tip may burn the leaves, particularly in warm weather.
4.2.1.2
Spur Blight
Symptoms- Chocolate brown or
purple blotches centered on individual buds appear on canes in mid to late
summer. Buds within the discolored areas either fail to grow or produce weak
shoots the following year. The disease is more severe on red raspberries than
on black raspberries.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
There are no known resistant cultivars.
Less susceptible cultivars include 'Brandywine', 'Killarny', 'Latham', and
'Newburgh'. Particularly susceptible cultivars are 'Royalty', 'Titan',
'Canby', 'Willamette', 'Reveille', and 'Sentry'.
Cultural management
Prune and burn or remove diseased
canes before new canes emerge in the spring.
Maintain good air circulation by
controlling weeds and establishing narrowing fruiting rows.
Conventional products
Apply a delayed dormant spray1
of lime sulfur.
A.lime sulfur- Miller’s Lime Sulfur Solution 29% (12 gal/100 gal
water). OR
B.azoxystrobin- Abound (6.0 - 15.5 fl oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Abound before alternating with
another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than three
applications of Abound per season. Abound is extremely phytotoxic to certain
apple varieties. DO NOT apply Abound where drift may reach apple trees. DO
NOT apply when conditions favor drift beyond the intended area of
application. DO NOT treat apple trees with equipment that has been previously
used to apply Abound. OR
C.pyraclostrobin-
Cabrio EG (14 oz/A). Do not make more than two sequential applications
of Cabrio before alternating with another product
with a different mode of action. Apply no more than four applications
of Cabrio per season. OR
D.pyraclostrobin/boscalid- Pristine WG (18.5 – 23.0 oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating with another product with a different mode
of action. Apply no more than four applications of Pristine per
season.
Organic products
Apply a delayed dormant spray1
of lime sulfur.
1This
“delayed dormant” application has always been the most important pesticide application
for the control of the major cane diseases. Thorough coverage is essential
for control; therefore, this application should be made on a calm day and in
a sufficient amount of water to soak the canes completely. Pesticides applied
after half inch green-tip may burn the leaves, particularly in warm weather.
Note:
This treatment is not necessary for fall-bearing red raspberries, if the
previous year’s canes are mowed and removed from the planting or thoroughly
shredded.
4.2.1.3
Cane Blight
Symptoms- The disease causes
weak growth of some or all of the fruiting laterals, followed by wilting of
the leaves above the blighted area. Dark brown or purple cankers appear on
the main cane or on laterals below the wilt symptoms, often extending several
inches along the cane. Cane tissue in the infected region is weak and bends
easily. Infection sites are usually associated with pruning wounds or other
injuries, but they are not always obvious. Compared to spur blight, Cane
blight is more likely to involve whole canes and is not strictly confined to
the areas surrounding buds. It is most common in black and purple raspberries
because of tipping practices, although red raspberries are reported to be
equally susceptible.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
Remove and burn diseased canes before new canes emerge
in the spring.
If the disease appears on red varieties, try to
determine and eliminate the source of injury.
Conventional products
Apply a
delayed dormant spray1 of lime sulfur or copper sulfate.
A.lime sulfur- Miller’s
Lime Sulfur Solution 29% (6 - 12 gal/100 gal water) on blackberry, (1.0 - 3.5
gal/100 gal on raspberry) or Sulforix (3 - 6 gal/100 gal water).
A.Apply a delayed dormant spray1 of
lime sulfur or copper.
1This “delayed dormant” application has always been
the most important pesticide application for the control of the major cane
diseases. Thorough coverage is essential for control; therefore, this
application should be made on a calm day and in a sufficient amount of water
to soak the canes completely. Pesticides applied after half inch green-tip
may burn the leaves, particularly in warm weather.
Note:
This treatment is not necessary for fall-bearing red raspberries, if the
previous year’s canes are mowed and removed from the planting or thoroughly
shredded.
4.2.2
EARLY PREBLOOM
4.2.2.1
Anthracnose, Spur Blight and Cane Blight
Refer to information given under bud
break (section 4.2.1.1), but note additional chemical options below.
Management Options
Guideline
Conventional products
If these diseases are historically a
problem, treatment with lime sulfur can be considered when shoots are 8 - 12”
long.
A.limesulfur-
Sulforix (2 qt/100 gal water) is labeled for both anthracnose and cane blight
on blackberries and raspberries. Miller’s Lime Sulfur Solution 29% (8.5
gal/100 gal water) is only labeled for anthracnose on blackberries.
4.2.2.2
Raspberry Fruitworm, Raspberry Sawfly
Symptoms- In early May
fruitworm adults feed on the buds and young leaves, skeletonizing the foliage
and hindering fruit development. The small larvae feed inside the flower buds
and then bore into the young fruits, which may then dry up or decay and fall
off. The fruitworm adult is a small, light brown beetle. The full-grown larva
is yellowish white and quarter inch long. Fruitworms are mostly a problem in
weedy fields. The sawfly larva is a quarter inch long, pale green worm
that usually feeds on the outer edges of the leaves, later chewing out
irregular holes or in severe cases, skeletonizing the foliage. This insect
also appears in May.
Management
Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
None established.
Conventional products
An insecticide should be applied when
the insects or their damage is first noticed in the spring (just before
blossoms open).
A.carbaryl- Sevin 4F (2.0 qts/A) or Sevin XLR (2.0 qts/A)
OR
Symptoms- These insects appear
when fruit buds form and plants begin to bloom. Their feeding on buds,
blossoms, and developing berries results in deformed and crumbly fruit.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
For effective tarnished plant bug
control, scout for nymphs after petal fall. Suggested threshold = 10 - 20% of
canes infested.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
Minimize proximity
to preferred habitat. Tarnished plant bug pressure is often highest in weedy
fields or in fields bordered by woody shrubs.
Conventional products1
A.carbaryl-Sevin
4F (1.5-2.0 qts/A) or Sevin XLR (1.5-2.0 qts/A) OR
B.pyrethrin- Pyrenone
Crop Spray 0.5EC (2 - 12 oz) OR
Symptoms- Beetle larvae are
serious pests of lawns, vegetables, and nursery stock. Adult beetles chew
holes in the fruit, making the fruit susceptible to infection. Beetles can
cause significant leaf damage, which appears as
skeletonization.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known. Japanese beetles prefer ,
'Ruby', 'Heritage', 'Reveille', 'Latham', 'Newburgh', 'Southland', and
'Fallgold' over other cultivars.
Cultural management
None established.
Conventional products
A chemical spray may be needed in
late prebloom, just before the blossoms open or when primocanes of
fall-bearing varieties are 18 inches long.
A.carbaryl-Sevin
4F (1.0-2.0 qts/A) or Sevin XLR (1.0-2.0 qts/A)OR
B.malathion- Malathion 57EC (1.5 pt/100 gal) or Malathion
5EC (1 1/2 pts/100 gal or 3 pts/A) OR
C.pyrethrin-
Pyrenone Crop Spray 0.5EC (2 - 12 oz.) OR
Symptoms- Infected leaves are
covered with a white powdery layer of mycelium and spores, and may curl
upwards. Some cultivars simply develop chlorotic blotches on the leaf
surfaces. Severely infected developing shoots may become long and spindly
with stunted leaves.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
’Titan’, ‘Prelude’, ‘Heritage’,
‘Autumn Britten’, ‘Autumn Bliss’, ‘Jaclyn’, ‘Joan J’, ‘Caroline’, ‘Polka’,
and ‘Himbo Top' are resistant. Susceptible cultivars are ‘Royalty’,
‘Reveille’, and ‘Latham’. Black cultivars are generally more susceptible.
Cultural management
Prune to maintain good air circulation
within the planting and remove late-developing primocanes that may be
infected.
Conventional products1
Fungicidal treatment is generally not
necessary1. However, fungicides are labeled for use:
A.myclobutanil-
Rally 40WSP (1.25 - 2.5 oz/A). If using Rally, do not exceed 10 oz/A per
year. OR
B.azoxystrobin- Abound (6.0 - 15.5 fl oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Abound before alternating with
another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than three
applications of Abound per season. Abound is extremely phytotoxic to certain
apple varieties. DO NOT apply Abound where drift may reach apple trees. DO
NOT apply when conditions favor drift beyond the intended area of
application. DO NOT treat apple trees with equipment that has been previously
used to apply Abound. OR
C.sulfur2- various products, read labels for rates. Note:
Do not use within 2 weeks of an oil treatment. OR
D.paraffinic oil- JMS Stylet Oil (3 - 6 qt/100 gal).Using ground equipment,
spray for optimum coverage of leaf surfaces. For fungal diseases use at least
200 PSI spray pressure. OR
E.pyraclostrobin- Cabrio EG (14 oz/A). Do not make more than two
sequential applications of Cabrio before alternating with another product
with a different mode of action. Apply no more than four applications of
Cabrio per season. OR
F.pyraclostrobin/boscalid- Pristine WG (18.5 – 23.0 oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating with another product with a different mode
of action. Apply no more than four applications of Pristine per
season.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.paraffinic oil- Organic JMS Stylet Oil (3 - 6 qt/100
gal). Apply for optimum coverage of leaf surfaces. Use at least 200 PSI
pressure to ensure proper coverage OR
B.potassium bicarbonate – Milstop (2.5 - 5.0 lb/A) (Do not mix
with other pesticides or fertilizers. Not compatible with alkaline
solutions.) or Kailgreen 2.5 – 3.0 lb/A) (Do not mix with highly
acidic products or nutrients.) OR
C.Streptomyces lydicusWYEC108- Actinovate AG (3-12
oz/A). Foliar applications: for best results apply with a spreader/sticker
prior to onset of disease. Re-apply at 7-14 day intervals depending on
disease pressure and environmental conditions. OR
D.sulfur- Kumulus DF or Thiolux Jet (6-15 lb/A). Begin
applications when shoot are 6 inches long and before blossoms open or when
disease first appears. Repeat at 10 day intervals or as necessary. Note: Do
not use within 2 weeks of an oil treatment.
1Chemical
application for powdery mildew is usually not necessary but may help on
highly susceptible cultivars. Chemical application for this disease also
provides some protection against gray mold. This application may also provide
some additional protection against anthracnose, spur blight, and cane blight.
2On
blackberry, sulfur product labels often specify to begin applications before
blossoms open. Read the label.
4.2.4.2
Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot)
Symptoms- Ripening fruit
becomes rotten, and some or all of the individual fruitlets are covered with
a gray fuzzy mass of fungal conidia (spores) and
mycelium.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
Black raspberries are generally more
resistant than red raspberries.
Cultural management
Gray mold can cause extensive crop losses
in years when wet warm and humid weather prevails during harvest.
A.Harvest and cool all ripe fruit promptly.
B.Prune bushes to promote air circulation and minimize
disease spread (e.g. pruning and weed management) within the canopy and the
planting.
Conventional products
Because initial infections often
occur during bloom, it is recommended that growers make protective
applications during prolonged wet weather at bloom. Chemical treatment is
most important for red and purple raspberries, particularly if air
circulation is limited. Make the first application at early bloom (5 - 10%)
and again at full bloom. Two additional sprays may be applied at 14-day
intervals or as required.
A.fenhexamid- Elevate (1.5 lb/A). Do not make more than two
sequential applications of Elevate before alternating
with another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more
than four applications of Elevate per season. Do not apply more than 6 lbs/A
of Elevate per season. OR
B. †cyprodinil/fludioxonil-
†Switch (11 - 14 oz/A). Do not make more than two sequential
applications of †Switch before alternating with
another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than
four applications of †Switch per season. Do not apply more than 56 oz/A of
†Switch per season. OR
C.iprodione- Rovral 4F (1 - 2 pt/A) or
Iprodione 4L AG (1 - 2 pt/A). Do not make more than two sequential
applications of iprodione before alternating with
another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more than
four applications of iprodione per season. OR
D.pyraclostrobin- Cabrio EG (14 oz/A). Do not make more than two
sequential applications of Cabrio before alternating
with another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more
than four applications of Cabrio per season. OR
E.pyraclostrobin/boscalid- Pristine WG (18.5 – 23.0 oz/A). Do not make
more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating with another product with a different mode
of action. Apply no more than four applications of Pristine per
season.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.Streptomyces
lydicusWYEC108- Actinovate AG (3-12 oz/A). Foliar
applications: for best results apply with a spreader/sticker prior to onset
of disease. Re-apply at 7-14 day intervals depending on disease pressure and
environmental conditions.
4.2.5
FULL BLOOM
4.2.5.1
Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot)
Refer to information given under Early
bloom (section 4.2.4.2).
4.2.5.2
Powdery Mildew
Refer to information given under Early
bloom (section 4.2.4.1).
4.2.6
PETAL FALL TO FRUIT RIPENING
4.2.6.1
Sap Beetle
Symptoms-There are two
species of sap beetles that may be present in raspberry plantings with ripe
fruit: picnic beetle and strawberry sap beetle. The picnic beetle is black
and orange or white and is the more obvious of the two species. The
strawberry sap beetle is smaller, and brown in color. Adults of both species
feed on ripening or injured berries.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
Control other damaging insects and
promptly harvest ripe berries.
Conventional products
A.malathion- Malathion 57EC (1.5 – 2.0 pt/A). OR
B.pyrethrin- Pyrenone Crop Spray 0.5EC (2 - 12 oz). OR
Symptoms- These insects appear
when fruit buds form and plants begin to bloom. Their feeding on buds,
blossoms, and developing berries results in deformed fruit.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
10 - 20% of canes infested.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
Minimize proximity to preferred
habitat. Tarnished plant bug pressure is often highest in weedy fields or in
fields bordered by woody shrubs.
Conventional products
Apply sprays in the evening.
A.pyrethrin-
Pyrenone Crop Spray 0.5EC (2 - 12 oz). OR
B.carbaryl- Sevin 4F (1.5-2.0 qts/A) or Sevin XLR
(1.5-2.0 qts/A). OR
