Refer to information given under Late
prebloom (section 4.2.3.3).
4.3.2
FROM PETAL FALL THROUGH THE BEGINNING OF HARVEST
4.3.2.1
Sap Beetle
Refer to information given under Petal
fall to fruit ripening (section 4.2.6.1).
4.3.2.2
Tarnished Plant Bug
Refer to information given under Petal
fall to fruit ripening (section 4.2.6.2).
4.3.2.3
Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot)
Refer to information given under Early
bloom (section 4.2.4.2).
4.3.3
SPECIAL PESTS
4.3.3.1
Mosaic Virus Complex
Symptoms- Signs of infection
are variable, depending on which virus or mixture of viruses is involved. The
disease is generally severe only on black raspberries. The leaves are
mottled, with yellowish or light green blotches on a darker green background.
The leaves are also usually smaller than normal and are frequently deformed
or cupped. Leaf symptoms are most apparent in the spring, but high summer
temperatures can suppress virus activity and, in turn, suppress symptoms. On
black and purple raspberries, young shoot tips may die, becoming black and
bent. Infected plants are gradually stunted and produce dry, poor-quality
fruit.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
‘Royalty’ purple is immune and
‘Titan’ red raspberry is resistant to the aphid that transmits the disease.
These varieties are unlikely to become infected.
Cultural management
A.Plant only certified (virus-indexed) nursery stock. Plants
propagated in the laboratory and greenhouse by
tissue-culture techniques (i.e., those that have never been grown in the
field) are most likely to be free of harmful viruses.
B.Separate new plantings from old raspberries or wild
brambles.
C.Remove and destroy obviously infected plants as they
appear.
Conventional and Organic products
None known. Aggressively control
aphids, which spread the disease. See Raspberry Aphid (section 4.3.3.11)
4.3.3.2
Crumbly Berry (Tomato Ringspot Virus)
Symptoms- This disease occurs
only on red raspberries. Infected plants appear healthy but produce small,
crumbly berries that fall apart when picked. Infected plants occur in patches
that enlarge over time as populations of the nematode vector expand.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
A.Plant only certified (virus-indexed) nursery stock.
B.Do not replant sites from which crumbly berry plants
have been removed.
C.Analyze new planting sites or suspected problem sites
for the dagger nematode, which transmits the virus that causes the disease.
If detected, select another site or fumigate before planting.
Conventional products
If nematode testing indicates high
population levels of the vector, the dagger nematode, a fumigant may be
helpful (See Table 2.4.1).
A.plant extract- Nematec (1 – 2.5 qts/A). Apply to soil as directed.
Organic products
None known.
4.3.3.3
Verticillium Wilt
Symptoms- Leaves wilt, turn
yellow, and fall off, starting from the bottom of the cane and progressing
toward the top. Severely wilted canes may have diagnostic blue streaks along their
length. Symptoms frequently appear on only one side of a cane, or only on one
or two canes out of an entire planting. This disease is much more severe on
black raspberries than on reds.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
Red raspberries are more resistant to
wilt than black raspberries.
Cultural management
A.The disease is caused by a soil-borne
fungus, which also attacks a number of other crops, including potato, tomato,
eggplant, pepper, strawberry, cherry, squash, and
cucumber. Before planting raspberries on sites where these crops have been
grown, non-host crops such as wheat or corn should be grown for at least 2
years prior to planting
B.Many
weeds, particularly nightshade, horse nettle, ground-cherry, redroot pigweed,
and lambsquarters, are hosts of the Verticillium fungus. These weeds should be
strictly controlled in current and future planting sites to keep the Verticillium population low.
Conventional products
This disease can be treated before
planting with a broad-spectrum fumigant (See Table 2.4.1) if rotations and
cover crops have failed to suppress the disease.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.StreptomyceslydicusWYEC108- Actinovate
AG (2-12 oz/A). Apply as a soil drench. Since Actinovate
AG contains live spores of a microbe, best results will be obtained if used
prior to disease onset.
4.3.3.4
Orange Rust
Symptoms- This disease occurs
only on black and purple raspberries and blackberries. New canes arising from
infected plants in the spring are weak, spindly, and thornless
and have misshapen, pale leaves. In contrast to new canes arising from a
healthy plant, infected canes usually arise in bunches rather than singly.
The lower surfaces of new leaves are covered first with large orange pustules
that erupt several weeks after the leaves unfold.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
Red
raspberries are immune to the disease.
Cultural management
A.Do not establish new plantings next to wooded areas or
fence rows unless wild brambles are first eradicated.
B.Examine new plants about one month after planting. When
canes are 12-18 inches tall, also check them for rust each following year.
C.It is important to identify infected plants before
spores have the opportunity to infect neighboring plants.
D.Dig up and burn all infected plants immediately, taking
care to remove the roots as well.
Conventional and Organic products
Although
conventional products are labeled for control of this disease, they should
not be applied to manage this disease. Eradicate and burn all infected plants
to ensure future dark variety bramble production in the area.
4.3.3.5
Raspberry Leaf and Cane Spot
Symptoms- Circular brown
spots, approximately less than one sixteenth of an inch in diameter, appear on
the leaves in summer. The spots enlarge and coalesce during the season.
Defoliation can occur during severe infections. Inconspicuous cane lesions
may also develop near the bases of canes.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
Black raspberries are generally more
resistant to leaf spot than red raspberries. Red cultivars exhibiting less
susceptibility include ‘Latham’, ‘Heritage’, and ‘Fallgold’.
‘Reveille’, ‘Canby’, and ‘Boyne’ are susceptible. ‘Taylor’ and ‘Sentry’ are
particularly susceptible.
Cultural management
Manage
weeds and prune to promote air circulation and minimize disease spread
Conventional products
A.myclobutanil- Rally 40W (1.25 - 2.5 oz/A). Do not exceed 10 oz/A
per growing season.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
Apply a
delayed dormant spray1 of copper.
A.copper hydroxide- Nu Cop 50 WP or Nu Cop 50DF (4 lb/A), add
1 qt. crop oil/A. Apply as a delayed dormant spray
1This “delayed dormant” application has always been the most important
pesticide application for the control of the major cane diseases. Thorough
coverage is essential for control; therefore, this application should be made
on a calm day and in a sufficient amount of water to soak the canes
completely. Pesticides applied after half inch green-tip may burn the leaves,
particularly in warm weather.
Note: This treatment is not necessary for
fall-bearing red raspberries, if the previous year’s canes are mowed and
removed from the planting or thoroughly shredded.
4.3.3.6
Borers/Cane Girdlers
Symptoms- A number
of borers burrow through the canes of brambles; their presence may be indicated
by a generally symmetrical swelling in the cane, from 1 to 3 inches long and
usually a few inches, but as much as 4 feet, above the ground (i.e. Rednecked cane borer, flatheaded
cane borer). Some canes may wither and die; in other cases, the affected area
is broken off or severed in the region of the swelling. With other borer
species, no swelling is evident but the tips of new canes may wilt and
blacken (Raspberry cane borer).
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known. Very susceptible
cultivars are ‘Heritage’ and ‘Polka’.
Cultural management
A.As a preventive measure, canes with swellings should be
removed and burned during the dormant season.
B.Canes showing withered tips should be clipped several
inches below the affected portion and the damaged tissue destroyed.
Conventional
and
Organic
products
No
products are labeled for borers in raspberries.
4.3.3.7
Raspberry Crown Borer
Symptoms- The first indication
of injury is wilting and dying foliage on the affected cane. Several canes of
a bush can be weakened by the activity of a single larva in the crown, and
the entire bush may be killed. The insects appear in early August and are
present during most of September. The adult of this species is an attractive
clear-winged moth.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
A.During the growing season, destroy dying canes,
including the crown, and those showing evidence of infestation.
B.Eradicate wild brambles in the area, because they may
harbor the pest.
Conventional products
A.*bifenthrin-
*Brigade WSB (16 oz/A). Apply post harvest (August) or prebloom
as a drench directed at the crown in a minimum of 200 gallons of water/acre.
Do not make both a spring and fall application.
NOTE:Do not apply *Brigade within 100 feet (using
ground equipment) or 300 feet (aerial) of coastal marshes or streams that
drain into coastal marshes.
Organic products
None known.
4.3.3.8
Potato Leafhopper
Symptoms- Upper leaves curl
upwards; growth is reduced.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
None established.
Conventional products
A.carbarylSevin 4F (1.0-2.0 qts/A) orSevin XLR (1.0-2.0 qts/A). Apply as insects appear. OR
Symptoms- Mites feed on the undersides
of leaves, which may result in white speckling on the upper leaf surfaces.
Later, discolored blotches develop. Damage is first seen and is most
prevalent in dry areas of a field. Mild growing areas in New York (Hudson
Valley an d Long Island) experience problems with
mites most frequently.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
None known.
Cultural management
AVOID a high rate of fertilization. It
encourages mites. Maintain adequate irrigation.
Conventional products
A.hexythiazox- Savey 50DF has recently
been registered in New York for control of spider mites on caneberries and strawberries. Recommended rates are 3-6
oz /A. In our area, the lower rates should be sufficient. This product needs
to go on early in the infestation (2-3 mites per leaf) to be effective since
it is primarily toxic to eggs and immature stages of the mites. Because of
this, it is most suitable for plantings with a chronic spider mite problem.
You are only allowed one application per season. Savey
is not very hard on beneficial predatory mites. OR
B.bifenazate- Acramite 50WS (0.75 - 1.0
lb/A) has been labeled for non-bearing brambles (1 spray per year). OR
C.*bifenthrin-
*BrigadeWSB (16 oz/A) or *Fanfare 2EC (6.4
fl. oz/A). NOTE:Do not apply *Brigade within 100 feet (using
ground equipment) or 300 feet (aerial) of coastal marshes or streams that drain
into coastal marshes.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.paraffinic
oil- Organic JMS Stylet Oil (3 - 6
qt/100 gal). Apply for optimum coverage of leaf surfaces. Use at least 200
PSI pressure to ensure proper coverage OR
4.3.3.11 Raspberry Aphid
Symptoms-Curling of
leaves and reduction of plant growth. Aphids can transmit viruses.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
‘Royalty’ is immune to the raspberry
aphid. ‘Titan’ red raspberry is also resistant.
Symptoms- Infected plants frequently
produce few canes, most of which are weak and stunted. Leaves on the canes
may be small, turn yellow, or dry and necrotic (scorched) along the edges and
between the veins. Infected plants may wilt and collapse just before harvest
or during the heat of summer. If spring weather is excessively wet, emerging
canes may wilt and die, showing dark “water-soaked” tissue near the soil
line. When dug up and examined, many of the roots and the crown are
discolored and dead. During the early stages of colonization, infected roots
and crowns may have a reddish cast underneath the epidermis. By comparison,
healthy roots will be white underneath the epidermis. Plants in low or poorly
drained field sites are frequently infected. This disease is often been misdiagnosed
as “wet feet” or winter injury. One can distinguish root rot from winter
injury based on the fact that primocane emergence
following winter injury is usually vigorous, whereas primocane
emergence is poor from plants infected with root rot.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
The relative susceptibility of many
raspberry cultivars is still uncertain. Black raspberry cultivars are generally
least susceptible to this disease. Red raspberries ‘Prelude’, ‘Anne’
‘Latham’, ‘Nova’, ‘Boyne’, ‘Josephine’, ‘Caroline’ and ‘Killarney’ appear to
be the most resistant red cultivars, respectively. ‘Brandywine’ and ‘Royalty’
purple raspberries appear less susceptible. Extremely susceptible cultivars
are ‘Titan’, ‘Lauren’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Canby’, ‘Dinkum’, ‘Polana’, and ‘Encore’. The extremely susceptible
cultivars should be planted only on very well-drained sites.
Cultural management
A.The disease is caused by a group of soil-borne, aquatic pathogens that
are active only during very wet conditions. Therefore, planting only on
well-drained sites and providing supplemental drainage are crucial components
of a management program.
B.Establishing raspberries on beds raised 10 - 14 inches helps promote
drainage, and in turn, minimizes the potential for infection.
C.Chemical
treatment can provide some benefit, but it is most effective when used in
combination with site selection/modification for good drainage and proper
selection of cultivars.
D.Highly susceptible cultivars should not be planted on sites where
drainage is inadequate. These cultivars are likely to die in such cases, even
with raised beds and chemical applications.
Conventional products
Chemical treatment is most effective
in combination with cultural management.
A.mefanoxam-
Ridomil Gold EC, (0.25 pt/1,000 ft of row) orRidomil Gold 2.5GR, (5 lb/1,000 ft of row). Ridomil Gold, an effective chemical treatment, is only
recommended where the disease has been diagnosed or is suspected. It is also
recommended as a preventive treatment for new ‘Titan’ plantings except in
well-drained soils. Ridomil Gold should be applied
to the soil in a 3-foot wide band over the row in early spring as growth
begins, then again in early fall. Do not apply within 45 days of harvest.
Since Phytophthora is perennial in the soil,
fungicide applications must be repeated each year to maintain control.
However, evidence suggests that the fall application may be omitted once a
good level of control has been achieved. Phytophthora
has a high propensity to develop resistance to Ridomil.
OR
B.fosetyl-Al- Aliette 80WP (5 lb/A) orphosphorous acid - Phostrol (4.5 pt/A), or potassium phosphite– Prophyt
(4pts/A). Aliette, Phostrol,
and Prophyt are also labeled for control of Phytophthora root rot on raspberries. Experience
with these chemicals in New York is limited; however, results from here and
other regions suggest they maybe somewhat less effective
than Ridomil on raspberries, but are less likely to
lead to resistance in Phytophthora. Apply Aliette or Phostrol as a foliar
spray after approx. three inches of new growth in spring, then repeat every
45 - 60 days (maximum 4 applications/yr) if soil conditions remain wet. Do
not apply less than 30 days before leaf drop. Apply in at least 20 gallons of
water to maintain efficacy.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.StreptomyceslydicusWYEC108- Actinovate
AG (2-12 oz/A). Apply as a soil drench. Since Actinovate
AG contains live spores of a microbe, best results will be obtained if used
prior to disease onset.
4.3.3.13 Late Leaf Rust
Symptoms- Small pale yellow
spots develop on the undersides of leaves in late summer/early fall. Spots later turn brown. Heavily infected leaves may
drop prematurely, leaving canes bare by September on susceptible varieties.
Flowers, petioles and fruit may also be infected.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
‘Nova’ is highly resistant;
‘Heritage’ and ‘Festival’ are susceptible.
Cultural management
A.Cultural practices to increase air circulation (cane thinning,
maintaining narrow rows, good weed control).
B.Removal of alternate host (white spruce).
Conventional products
A.pyraclostrobin- Cabrio EG (14 oz/A).
Suppression only. Do not make more than two sequential applications of Cabrio before alternating
with another product with a different mode of action. Apply no more
than four applications of Cabrio per season. OR
B.pyraclostrobin/boscalid- Pristine WG (18.5 – 23.0 oz/A). Suppression
only. Do not make more than two sequential applications of Pristine before alternating with another product with a different mode
of action. Apply no more than four applications of Pristine per
season.
Organic products
(May also be used in conventional production.)
A.copper
hydroxide- Nu Cop 50 WP or Nu Cop 50DF (2 lb/A). Apply when leaf
buds begin to open and repeat when flower buds are white. Crop injury may
appear if applications are made under certain conditions such as hot or
prolonged moist periods. Discontinue use if injury occurs.
4.3.3.14 Fireblight
Symptoms-. Cane tips
become brownish black and curve downward in a characteristic
shepherd’s-crook. Cane lesions may produce abundant bacterial ooze. Flowers and
fruits may also be infected. Warm temperatures and light rain favor
infections.
Management Options
Guideline
Scouting/thresholds
None established.
Resistant cultivars
Thornless
blackberries appear more susceptible to the disease than thorny blackberries.
Cultural management
A.Removal of infected canes by pruning.
B.Cultural practices to encourage rapid drying of canes
and foliage.
