12 Small Fruit Pest
Management
Contents
IPM for
Raspberry Disease Control
Table
15. Small-fruit pest management
IPM
for Raspberry Disease Control
The following outline reviews available techniques that raspberry growers can use to minimize or eliminate the need to spray fungicides to control specific diseases.
Cane diseases (anthracnose, cane blight,
spur blight)
1. Prune dead or diseased canes before new primocanes emerge; burn, bury, or remove them from garden.
2. Promote air circulation to increase drying of young primocanes:
a. Regulate cane densities.
b. Regulate row width.
c. Use trellising systems.
3. Apply a single, delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur to reduce overwintering inoculum levels.
4. Minimize cane injuries (for cane blight).
5. Avoid summer tipping of canes if rain is expected within two to three days (for cane blight).
Gray mold
1. Promote air circulation to reduce humidity and improve drying within the fruiting zone.
a. Use same techniques as for cane diseases.
Phytophthora root rot
1. Plant only on soils with good internal and surface drainage; plant highly susceptible cultivars only on soils that have excellent drainage.
2. If possible, establish new plantings from nursery material not previously exposed to garden or field soil (i.e., greenhouse-propagated plants).
3. Avoid contaminating new planting sites with soil, water, or plants from sites in which the disease has occurred.
Leaf spot
1. Promote air circulation to reduce humidity and improve drying of new leaves.
a. Use same techniques as for cane diseases.
2. Apply a single, delayed dormant spray of lime sulfur to reduce overwintering inoculum levels.
Viral diseases
1. Use only planting stock derived from virus-indexed sources.
2. If possible, avoid establishing new plantings adjacent to wooded areas or older raspberry plantings.
3. Eradicate wild brambles in nearby hedgerows.
Verticillium wilt
1. Avoid planting in locations where susceptible crops (such as potatoes or tomatoes) have been grown recently.
Summary
Four primary themes run throughout the preceding list:
1. Plant resistant or only moderately susceptible cultivars.
2. Exclude specific pathogens from the planting if at all possible.
3. Reduce inoculum levels for indi-genous or established pathogens.
4. Choose or modify the crop environment to make it less conducive to growth and development of plant-pathogenic fungi.
Small fruit pest management guidelines follow in Table 15
(see Tables 2 and 3 for toxicity information).
For cultural methods, see Part I.
Further
Reading
Controlling Diseases of Raspberries and Blackberries. Converse, R. H. 1978 (Rev. ed.) Farmers’ Bulletin 2208. USDA, Washington, D.C. 18 pp.
Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. Curuso, F. L.,
and D. C. Rumsdell. 1995. American Phytopathological Society,
The Cornell Guide to Growing Fruit at Home. Eames-Sheavly, M.,
and M. P. Pritts. 2003. Cornell Cooperative Extension Information Bulletin 156.
Compendium of Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects. Ellis, M. A. 1991. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. 100 pp.
Small Fruits in the Home Garden. Gough, R. E., and E. B.
Poling. 1996. Haworth Press,
Assessing the Risk of Grape
Compendium of Strawberry Diseases.
Control of Grape Diseases and Insects in the
Compendium of Grape Diseases Pearson, R. A. 1988.. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, Minn. 100 pp.
Highbush Blueberry Production Guide Pritts, M. P., and J. F. Hancock. 1992..
NRAES-55.
Bramble Production Guide
Pritts, M. P., and D. Handley. 1991. NRAES-35.
Strawberry Production Guide.
Pritts, M. P., and D. Handley. NRAES-88.
.
Table 15. Small-fruit pest management
|
||
Plant |
Pest/Disease |
Some recommended pesticides for
management |
Blueberry |
Blueberry maggot |
Use visual
(yellow board) traps for monitoring starting in late June. If needed use
carbaryl: apply about July 7–12 (10 days earlier on |
|
|
Cranberry fruitworm |
Bt, malathion,
or carbaryl: apply when 75 percent of blossoms have dropped (petal fall) and
again 10 days later. |
|
|
Cherry fruitworm, leafrollers, and tip borer |
Same
as for cranberry fruitworm. |
|
|
Scales |
Oil spray:
apply just before budbreak in the spring, 2–21/2 percent solution. |
Currant and gooseberry |
Powdery mildew (gooseberry) |
During
cool, damp weather, apply sulfur sprays every 10 days after disease appears,
or use liquid lime sulfur—but only on sulfur-tolerant varieties. Neem oil or
Armicarb 100 may provide suppression. |
|
|
Currant aphid |
Malathion
or pyrethrin: apply as leaf buds are opening. Use malathion on currants only. |
|
|
Gooseberry fruitworm |
Rotenone
or malathion 25WP: apply when berries turn red and webbing is seen. Use
malathion on currants only. |
|
|
Imported currant worm |
Malathion
25WP: apply when worms appear. Use on currants only. |
|
|
San Jose scale |
Oil spray:
apply just before budbreak in the spring, 2–21/2 percent solution. |
|
|
Twospotted spider mite |
Malathion:
use as needed when mite infestation appears. |
Grape
Black rot
infections destroying a cluster of grapes |
Black rot |
Apply
myclobutanil or Heritage, Gordon’s Maneb, or Topsin M¹ according to label directions. |
|
Downy mildew |
Apply
captan, basic cupric sulfate, Heritage, Gordon’s Maneb, or Camelot per label
directions. |
|
|
Grape flea beetle |
At budbreak
examine buds for feeding damage and apply carbaryl as needed. |
|
|
Phomopsis cane and leaf spot |
In
years with wet springs, apply Topsin M¹ to susceptible varieties (Catawba, |
|
|
Grape berry moth |
Sample
vineyard the third week of July to see if August treatment is needed.
Visually inspect 5 groups of 20 clusters. For table grapes, treatment is
warranted if one cluster per group is infested in July. For processing
grapes, anything below six per infestation should not require an August
treatment. Remove by hand and dispose of infested grapes for small plantings
(do not discard on ground as insects may continue to develop). Bt or carbaryl:
apply just after bloom (first generation of moth larvae) and in mid- to late
July or early August (second generation of moth larvae). Above average
temperatures (especially in the first half of the field season) may result in
a third generation of moths in late August to mid-September. Bt should be
applied twice per generation whereas one application of carbaryl per
generation should be sufficient. |
|
|
Downy mildew on the underside of a grape
leaf. |
Grape cane girdler |
Surround:
apply in early spring (when shoots are 12–18 in. long) as needed. Damage is
rarely severe enough to warrant treatment. |
|
Powdery mildew |
Apply
neem oil, myclobutanil, lime sulfur, Heritage, Kop-R-Spray + lime, Camelot, Armicarb 100,
Remedy, or Topsin M¹ according to label directions or, if needed, apply
sulfur (Lilly Miller RTU –MPF) every 7 to 14 days from bloom until September
1, but not on sulfur-sensitive varieties (Chancellor, Concord, Foch, Ives,
Rougeon). |
|
|
Grape leafhopper |
Insecticidal
soap or carbaryl: apply as needed when more than 20 percent of the leaf
surfaces show stippling injury. |
|
Raspberry and blackberry |
Viral diseases |
Control
aphids that spread the disease. |
|
|
Japanese beetle |
A
chemical spray may be needed at late prebloom, just before blossoms open or
when primocanes of fall-bearing varieties are 18 inches long. Apply carbaryl,
malathion, or pyrethrins (with carbaryl, wait seven days to harvest. When
insects first appear, repeat application at 7- to 10-day intervals as needed. |
|
|
Raspberry cane borer |
No
pesticides are labeled for borers in raspberries. Prune out infested canes in
winter and damaged shoots during the growing season. |
|
|
Raspberry crown borer |
Cultural
control only. No pesticides are labeled for crown borer. |
|
|
Raspberry fruitworm and sawfly |
Apply
malathion when blossom buds appear and just before blossoms open. |
|
|
Tarnished plant bug |
Use
malathion or carbaryl just before blossoms open. |
|
|
Sap beetle |
Apply
malathion, pyrethrin, or carbaryl as fruit begins to color. |
|
|
Tree cricket |
Carbaryl:
apply in late August to mid-September. |
|
|
Two-spotted spider mite |
No miticides
are currently labeled for use; sulfur (80% WP), however, applied for powdery
mildew will provide some suppression. |
Strawberry |
Gray mold |
In
wet seasons weekly sprays with captan during bloom will reduce disease incidence. |
|
|
Fungal leaf spot |
On
susceptible varieties in wet years, apply captan as for gray mold (preceding
entry). |
|
Slug |
Bud weevil |
Remove
foliage and mulch over the winter. No pesticide is available. Change site after
three years if problem is severe. Row covers in weed-free gardens will act as
barriers. |
|
Cyclamen mite and Two-spotted spider mite |
Cyclamen
mite is difficult to control. Rogue infested plants. |
|
|
Slugs |
Metaldehyde
bait or diatomaceous earth can be applied to the ground surrounding the
plants. |
|
|
|
Strawberry root weevils |
Insect-parasitic
nematodes may be used. |
|
Tarnished plant bug |
Tarnished plant bug |
Check
for insects by striking plants over a flat, light-colored dish. Treat when
one to two nymphs are found per plant. Malathion: spray early in spring when
growth resumes and weekly as needed until bloom. In severe infestations, continue
sprays until three days before picking. The plant bugs overwinter as adults
in weedy gardens. Row covers in weed-free gardens may protect newly opened
flowers. |
|
|
White grubs
|
Avoid
planting strawberries immediately following sod. |
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