Dry beans. Consider the following varieties for the indicated dry bean classes. All have canned well in our trials: Light Red Kidney - CELRK, Chinook 2000, RedKanner; Dark Red Kidney - Cabernet, Black Velvet, Montcalm, Red Hawk; Black Turtle Soup - Black Knight, Jaguar, Midnight, T39.

Snap bean varieties. Listed in order of maturity within each class.

Table 13.1.1 Recommended bean varieties

Fresh-market green beans	Fresh-market wax
Provider (BCMV)¹	Gold Mine
Minuette (trial)	Gold Kist
Hialeah	Indy Gold
Florence (trial)
Opus (RR)²	Processing
Strike (BCMV)	Use varieties recommended
Derby	by processors
Eagle (BCMV)
Bronco
Roma II (Italian)

1: BCMV = Bean Common Mosaic Virus tolerant

2: RR = Rust resistance

13.2 Planting Methods

Dry beans should be planted between May 20 and June 20. Insecticide-fungicide seed treatments assist early dry bean plantings, but best germination occurs at soil temperatures of 60°F or above. When weather and soil conditions permit, late-May and early-June plantings often yield as much or more than plantings made in mid-June or later. Optimal germination of snap bean seed occurs at soil temperatures of 75° to 80°F. The minimum temperatures at which snap bean germination will occur are 55° to 60°F. For recommended spacing of dry and snap beans, see Table 13.2.1.Bean seed is sensitive to chilling during the initial stage of germination,

which is referred to as imbibition. If the soil is cold at this time, permanent damage may occur. If, however, imbibition occurs under warm injury when planted in cold soil. It is particularly susceptible conditions, the seed can later tolerate cool soil temperatures and still germinate normally. The most critical period is the first 24 hours after planting. Seed with low vigor is especially sensitive to chilling injury, and dry seed is injured more easily than seed with a higher moisture content. Increasing the moisture content of the seed by placing it in an environment of high relative humidity for several days before planting can help minimize injury.

Planting dates for fresh-market and processing snap beans are May 1 to July 25. The crop matures in 50 to 60 days, depending on the specific variety and desired pod size. Only western-grown, certified, dry and snap bean seed should be planted.

A good rotation helps reduce the incidence of foliar diseases and lowers the population of plant pathogens that cause root rot. Corn and cereal grains are excellent rotation crops. If a field with a previously noted root rot problem is to be planted to beans, plant as late as possible in the season when the soil is warm. To allow for adequate aeration and drainage of excess moisture, avoid compacting the soil. Planting on raised beds or ridges will help reduce root rot severity because the soil will be warmer and drier than the unridged soil. Seed should be treated with recommended fungicides.

Dry beans are not usually irrigated because of the lower cash value of the crop relative to the cost for irrigation. Nevertheless, one or two well-timed irrigations near blossom set and early pod fill can increase yields significantly if the crop is undergoing drought conditions.

A deficiency of water in the plant resulting from a lack of soil moisture or excessive transpiration can lead to deformed or pithy snap bean pods. Both yield and quality can be increased by irrigation before bloom and during pod enlargement if there is moisture stress. Irrigation during bloom with irrigation guns that produce large droplets is not advised because blossoms can be knocked off the plant.

Table 13.2.1 Recommended spacing of dry and snap beans.
Type of bean	Row (in inches)	In-Row (plants/foot)	Comments
Dry	28-32”	4-6	Because seed size varies greatly between varieties, make sure the proper amount is planted. Red kidney classes require 75 to 100 pounds per acre, whereas black turtle soup and navy/pea beans run at 35 to 40 pounds per acre. Adjust the plant rate for the percentage of germination.
Snap	30-36”	5-7	If closer row spacing and a higher plant population per acre is used, a proportionately higher rate of fertilizer should be applied.

13.3 Fertility

Research in Geneva, New York has shown the special fertilizer blend listed in Table 13.3.1 to be especially beneficial to snap beans when used in a band at planting on high pH soils. Ammonium sulfate will reduce the pH in the band at planting, increasing the availability of zinc and manganese. On other soil types and at lower pH, there may be no advantage over blends that do not contain ammonium sulfate. Use lime to maintain a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. See Table 13.3.2 for the recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Table 13.3.1 Special fertilizer blend for snap beans. (12-26-11)
Pounds/ton	Source of N:P:K	Approximate ratio N:P₂0₅:K₂O
2000	Total per ton

1000	Monoammonium phosphate	11:52:0
250	Ammonium nitrate	34:0:0
250	Ammonium sulfate	21:0:0
250	Potassium chloride	0:0:60
250	Sulfate of potash magnesia	0:0:22

Table 13.3.2 Recommended application rate of nutrients based on soil tests.^1,2
N (pounds/acre)	P₂O₅ (pounds/acre)			K₂O (pounds/acre)			Comments
	Soil Phosphorus Level			Soil Potassium Level
	low	med.	high	low	med.	high
40³	80	60	40	60	40	20	*Total recommended*

0	0	0	0	20	0	0	Broadcast and disk-in.
40⁴	80	60	40	40	40	20	Band place with planter.

¹ If pH is <5.5, as in rotations with potatoes, or if the magnesium soil test is <30, apply 5 pounds per acre magnesium in the band at planting.

² If pH is 7 or higher, include 1 pound per acre of zinc and manganese in the band at planting. After moderate or heavy applications of lime, when fields have been newly tilled, or when erosion has occurred exposing calcareous subsoil, apply 2 pounds per acre of zinc and manganese.

³ If dry beans follow a well-established legume cover crop, apply only 20 pounds per acre of nitrogen.

⁴ If nitrogen deficiency is likely because of leaching rains, apply 30 pounds per acre when plants have 2 or 3 true leaves.

13.4 Harvesting

All processing and most fresh-market snap bean acreage is harvested by machine. Processing snap beans are prepared relatively soon after harvest. Fresh-market beans can be held for about one week at 40° to 45°F and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity.

Dry beans should be harvested when the plants reach physiological maturity. If maturity is uneven, two chemical defoliants are available to speedup dry-down of plants and pods. See Table 13.4.1. Do not delay the harvest after the beans become mature because fall rains on mature beans cause sprouted or blemished seed. Beans darken rapidly in the field after they are mature and subsequently lose marketability. All varieties must be threshed carefully to prevent checked skins or broken seeds. Seed damage at harvest is highly correlated

with low seed moisture and is least likely if moisture is 16 to 20 percent. At harvest time, beans undergo many drying and rewetting processes daily. The threshing cylinder on the combine should be adjusted frequently to minimize seed damage.

Dry beans should be handled as carefully and as little as possible after harvest to reduce damage. Use inclined chutes, belts, or bucket conveyors to move seeds, but avoid augers or free fall drops. Because checking and cracking of seed coats increases during handling as moisture content drops below 18 percent and rot problems are greater when moisture is higher, beans should be dried to between 17 and 18 percent for storage. If a mechanical drier is used, care must be taken not to dry the seed too quickly or the beans can be damaged.

Table 13.4.1 Compounds for defoliation of dry beans.
*Common name*	Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ
Sodium chlorate
DeFol 6	1 gal	7	12
6 lb/gal
Vine defoliation can be accomplished by using the recommended rate in 5 to 10 gallons of water by air application or 10 to 20 gallons of water by ground equipment. Thorough coverage is essential. Make application 7 to 10 days before harvest, longer if temperatures are below 60∞F. Beans must be at least 75 percent physiologically mature at time of treatment or yield and quality may suffer. To determine maturity, scratch off the seed coat from the bean seed. If it is white or pink underneath, it is mature; if it is green, it is immature. Do not graze treated fields or feed treated fodder to livestock.
paraquat *Gramoxone Max 2.5 lb/gal	1-1.5 pt	7	12	10-14
Apply with ground equipment using at least 20 gallons of water and 1 quart per 100 gallons of spray mix. Apply when the crop is mature and at least 80 percent of the pods are yellowing and mostly ripe with no more than 40 percent (bush type) or 30 percent (vine type) of the leaves still green. Split applications are acceptable, but do not make more than two applications or exceed 1.5 pints per acre.

13.5 Disease Management

13.5.1 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum )

(Primarily a problem on dry beans)

Time for concern: From seeding stage through the end of harvest

Key characteristics: Seedlings have dark brown to black, sunken lesions on cotyledons and stems. Under moist conditions, small, pink masses are produced in the lesions. On the pods, small, reddish brown to black blemishes and distinct, circular, reddish brown lesions are typical symptoms. A prolonged wet period is necessary for the fungus to establish infection. The fungus is seed- or soilborne. See Reference 1.

*Management Option*	Recommendation
Scouting/thresholds	Dry bean fields should be scouted at least twice between midseason and harvest. Record the occurrence and severity of anthracnose. No thresholds have been established. Chemicals have not been efficacious in research trials conducted under ideal conditions for disease development.
Resistant varieties	Several races of the fungus exist. Some varieties are resistant to one or more races. The most common race in New York has been the beta race. Consult local extension educators to learn what varieties have shown resistance to this race.
Crop rotation	Minimum two to three year rotation.
Site selection	Select fields with good air movement and water drainage.
Seed selection/treatment	Plant only western-grown, certified seed.
Postharvest	Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition of diseased material.
Sanitation	Since the fungus is efficiently disseminated in water, fields should not be entered for cultivation or pesticide applications when plants are wet.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
azoxystrobin
	Amistar 80 WDG	2-5 oz	0	4	2-4	Do not apply more than 2 sequential foliar applications of these products or other strobilurin before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action.
azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil
	Quadris Opti	1.6-2.4 pt	14	12	42-64
chlorothalonil
	Bravo, Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal	1.38- 2.0 pt	14	12	30-43	Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label. For use on dry beans only for this disease.
maneb
	Maneb 75DF 0.75 lb/lb	1.5-2 lb	30	24	24-32
	Manex 4 lb/gal	1.2-1.6 qt	30	24	19-25
pyraclostrobin
	Headline EC	5.5-8 fl oz	21 (Dry)	12	3-4	No aerial application in NYS. Apply Headline at the beginning of flowering. Do not make more than 2 applications per season.
thiophanate-methyl
	Topsin M 70 WP	1- 1 1/2 lb	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	16-19	For multiple applications; Make the first application when 10% to 30% of plants have at least one open bloom and follow with sequential applications on a 4 to 7-day schedule
	Topsin 4.5FL	20-30 fl oz	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	13-19

13.5.2 Bacterial brown spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae); Common bacterial blight, (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli); and Halo blight, (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola)

Time for concern: From seeding stage through the end of harvest

Key characteristics: Brown spot - small, brown spots, 3/25 to 8/25 inch in diameter, often with a narrow, diffuse, pale margin, appear on leaves. Sunken, brown spots can form on the pods. Common bacterial blight - light brown lesions of irregular shape with distinct, bright yellow margins, 2/5 inch long, appear on leaves. Spots form on the pods and enlarge into reddish brown lesions. In humid weather, yellow bacteria may be present on the lesions. Halo blight - small, water-soaked spots on the undersides of leaves develop into numerous, small, reddish brown lesions with pale to yellow margins or halos. Pod symptoms are similar to those of common blight. See Reference 2.

*Management Option*				*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds				Fields should be scouted at least twice between midseason and harvest. Record the occurrence and severity of the bacterial blights. Threshold: begin treatment at the first sign of infection. See Reference 3.
Resistant varieties				Some varieties have tolerance and/or resistance to one or more of these diseases. Depending on the variety, brown spot development on leaves may or may not result in significant damage to pods.
Crop rotation				In the case of halo blight, fields where this disease has occurred should be rotated away from bean crops for a minimum of three years. Minimum two-year rotation for bacterial brown spot or common bacterial blight.
Site selection				Avoid planting snap bean fields near dry bean fields.
Seed selection/treatment				Plant only western-grown, certified seed. Request seed treatment with registered antibiotics.
Postharvest				Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation				Equipment used in fields with bacterial diseases should be thoroughly cleaned before being moved to disease-free fields. To reduce the spread of bacteria on equipment or in spray water, avoid making pesticide applications or cultivating when the leaves are wet.
	Compound(s)
	Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
		Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
	copper compounds
		Champ F or OLF	2/3 - 2 pt		0	24	9.5-29	Good control has been inconsistent. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. Early application when disease incidence is low may reduce the spread of bacterial blights. Bacterial blights are impossible to control if wet weather is persistent.

13.5.3 Botrytis gray mold, Botrytis cinerea

Time for concern: From open blossoms through the end of harvest

Key characteristics: Gray mold develops in dense plant canopies when the weather is warm and moist. Large necrotic lesions produce gray spores on the pods, leaves and stems. This disease is worse in fields where leaves have mechanical damage or pesticide injury.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	A reliable forecasting system has not been developed for gray mold on beans. However, here are a few helpful hints on the development of gray mold. Gray mold tends to develop in dense plant canopies. The disease tends to be worse in fields where leaves have mechanical damage or pesticide injury, and where dead leaves are on the ground. The fungus grows and produces spores on dead and living material. These spores will subsequently infect bean pods. Gray mold tends to develop when the weather is warm and moist. Botrytis cinerea can infect many species of plants and is known to develop resistance to fungicides. Many New York isolates are resistant to Topsin M. A few have even developed resistance to Ronilan. Begin scouting when the first buds are showing. Record the occurrence and severity of gray mold. See Reference 3.
Coverage	The best coverage can be obtained by using high gallonage (50 gallons per acre minimum) and high pressure (100 to 200 psi). Use three nozzles per row mounted eight to ten inches above the plants and angled toward them.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation	Rotation should be practiced. Grains and corn are good rotation crops.
Site selection	Avoid planting in shaded areas and in small fields surrounded by trees; do not plant in fields that drain poorly.
Planting	Plant rows in an east-west direction, and use wide row spacing (36 inches) to promote drying of the soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
Fertilization	Avoid over-fertilization.
Postharvest	Incorporate debris immediately after harvest to hasten decomposition of the material.
Note(s)	Avoid mechanical damage or pesticide injury to leaves.
Seed selection/treatment and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
boscalid
	Endura 70 WDG	8-11 oz	7 Snap 21 Dry	12	15-21	Endura (Group 7) provides excellent gray mold control. Make application at the beginning of flowering or prior to the onset of disease. Do not make more than 2 applications per season.
boscalid + thiophanate-methyl
	##Endura 70 WDG + Topsin M 70 WP	5 oz + 0.7 - 1.05 lb of active ingredient/A	14 Snap	12		##2(ee) recommendation supported by quantitative efficacy data. This tank mix is for the control of both Botrytis gray mold and white mold. Begin applications prior to disease development and/or at 10% bloom and continue on a 7-10 day interval. A maximum of two Endura (Group 7) applications per season.
chlorothalonil
	Bravo, Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal	3 pt	7/14 (see label)	12	43	Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label. Snap beans only.
iprodione
	Rovral 50 WP 0.5 lb/lb	1.5-2 lb	See comments	24	8-11	Maximum of two applications per season. Last application may be no later than peak bloom.
	Rovral 4F 4 lb/gal	1.5-2 pt	See comments	24	7-9
thiophanate-methyl
	Topsin M 70 WP 0.7 lb/lb	1-2 lb	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	16-31	Not effective where gray mold fungus has developed resistance to benzamidazoles (Group 1 fungicide).
thiophanate-methyl + iprodione
	##Topsin M 70 WP + Rovral 50 WP	0.7 lb + 1 lb	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	16	##2(ee) recommendation supported by quantitative efficacy data. In research trials, the combination of Topsin M (Group 1) plus Rovral (Group 2) has resulted in fair to good control of white and gray mold. This option is especially suitable for growers with histories of both diseases in their fields. Topsin M alone is not effective in fields where gray mold fungus has developed resistance. The combination of Topsin M and Rovral may provide control in such situations. Good spray coverage is essential for control, thus aerial application is not recommended for this combination.

13.5.4 Bean rust, Uromyces appendiculatus

Time for concern: Early in the growing season

Key characteristics: Regular occurrence of dew favors infection and development of severe epidemics. Bean rust is characterized by reddish brown, circular pustules on leaves or pods. Bean rust is rarely seen in New York. However, growers commonly use the name “rust” to describe a diffuse light brown discoloration that sometimes occurs on the pods. The cause of this “russetting” disorder has not yet been determined. Data does not exist to support the use of fungicides to control the “russetting” disorder. See Reference 4.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence and severity of bean rust. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties			The variety Opus has shown resistance.
Crop rotation			A minimum one year rotation is recommended.
Site selection			Avoid areas with poor air and soil-moisture drainage.
Postharvest			Incorporate infested debris immediately after harvest to hasten decomposition of the material.
Seed selection/treatment and Sanitation			These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
azoxystrobin
	Amistar 80 WDG	2 oz		0	4	2	Do not apply more than 2 sequential foliar applications of these products or other strobilurins (Group 11) before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action.
azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil
	Quadris Opti	1.6-2.4 pt		14	12	42-64
boscalid
	Endura 70 WDG	8-11 oz		7 Snap 21 Dry	12	15-21	Make application at the beginning of flowering or prior to the onset of disease. Do not make more than 2 applications per season (Group 7).
chlorothalonil
	Bravo or OLF 6 lb/gal	Snap 1.38-3 pt Dry 1.38-2 pt		7 Snap 14 Dry	12 12	30-65 30-43	Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label.
myclobutanil
	Nova 40 W	4-5 oz		0	24	3-4	For use on snap beans only. (Group 3).
maneb
	Maneb 75DF 0.75 lb/lb	1.5-2 lb		30	24	24-32	For use on dry beans only.
	Manex 4 lb/gal	1.2-1.6 qt		30	24	19-25	For use on dry beans only.
pyraclostrobin
	Headline EC	5.5- 8 fl oz		21(Dry) 7 (Snap)	12	3-4	Not for aerial aplication in NYS. Do not make more than 2 applications per season (Group 11).

13.5.5 Root rot and damping-off. There are four pathogenic fungi, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Thielaviopsis, and Fusarium, and a plant-parasitic nematode, Pratylenchus, that are often found attacking bean roots and causing yield losses.

Time for concern: Planting through end of bloom stage. Long term planning is required for sustainable management.

Key characteristics: Pythium is seen early in the season when it causes rotting of seeds and damping-off of young seedlings. In older plants, it causes reduction and discoloration of the root system. Pythium can also attack pods, causing lesions, that generally develop at the tip of the pod and expand toward the stem. Rhizoctonia is also capable of causing seed decay and damping-off diseases on seedlings. On older plants it produces reddish brown, sunken lesions on the stem and tap root, and is generally favored by warm soil conditions. In addition, the sexual stage of Rhizoctonia may also be detected on the stem, petioles, and pods as a thin, whitish, compact growth. Thielaviopsis is often referred to as black root rot because the initial elongated lesions and later large infected areas on the stems and roots are dark brown to charcoal. This disease is favored by hot, wet conditions. Fusarium rot causes longitudinal, brick red lesions on the stem and tap root and is very common. Lesion nematodes cause brown lesions on small roots which result in general discoloration and reduction of roots. However, the symptoms on infected plants are not characteristic, but infection by these and other nematodes may predispose plants to damage by other pathogens. See References 3 and 5.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence, type, and severity of root rot. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	All commercially acceptable varieties are susceptible, but a number yield better under severe root rot. Check with your county extension agent for more information.
Crop rotation	Rotate away from vegetables. One or two years with a grain crop such as barley, oats, rye, wheat, or corn will prevent severe root rot development when practiced on relatively clean fields; longer rotations are necessary in heavily infested fields. A cropping sequence involving clover, alfalfa, or other forage crop is also beneficial.
Site selection	Choose healthy and well drained soils. A soil-indexing procedure that differentiates relatively pathogen-free fields from those with severe root rot problems is available.
Seed selection/treatment	Select vigorous, disease-free seeds. Use seed treated with Apron plus captan and/or Maxim. Apron is effective only against species of Pythium and Phytophthora. Maxim is active against Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. Captan provides moderate protectant activity against a broad spectrum of fungi.
Soil treatment	Breaking hard pans, plowing deep, or ripping and planting on raised ridges or beds will reduce damage from root rot diseases.
Cover crop	Barley, rye grain, rye grass, Sudan grass, wheat, oats, and other grain crops left on surface or plowed under as green manures or dry residue in the spring are beneficial. If incorporated as green manures, allow enough time for decomposition prior to planting. In wet years, this practice may increase slug damage and affect stand establishment.
Planting	Heavily infested fields should be planted shallow and late. Plantings exhibiting symptoms of severe root rot damage will benefit from a shallow cultivation not too close to the stems. Also, covering the lower stem tissues with soil will promote further root formation and reduce root rot damage. However, the latter should be done on an emergency basis, as this practice has been observed to increase foliar infections with Rhizoctonia in wet seasons.
Postharvest	Crop debris should be plowed down to initiate decomposition, if tillage system in use permits.

Compound(s) Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
mefenoxam
	Ridomil Gold EC or OLF	.5-1 pt	—	48	7-14	Apply as an in-furrow or band incorporated soil treatment at planting. Effective against Pythium and Phytophthora.
mefenoxam + PCNB
	Ridomil Gold PC	12 oz/ 1,000 lin ft	—	48	3	Apply as an in-furrow or band incorporated soil treatment at planting. This combination is effective against Rhizoctonia and Pythium.
PCNB
	Terraclor 75 WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	1.33-2 lb	—	12	35-53	Apply as a soil treatment before or at planting. Active against Rhizoctonia.
Fungicides are ineffective or of limited benefit once root rot disease is present on emerged plants.

13.5.6 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Time for concern: From open blossoms through the end of harvest

Key characteristics: The fungus will inititialy attack bean blossoms as blossoms are a readily available source of food. Symptoms appear as white, fluffy cottony growth on blossoms, stems and pods. As the fungus grows, mounds of white mycelium harden and darken. These dark, black structures become sclerotia which enable the fungus to overwinter. Bean blossoms are an excellent source of nutrients for the fungus. Therefore control measures must be initiated at bloom. See Reference 6.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Follow the white mold forecasting system in Reference 3. Begin spray applications at early bloom.
Note(s)	White mold tends to develop in dense, plant canopies. The disease tends to be worse in fields where leaves have mechanical damage or pesticide injury, weedy fields, and where dead leaves are on the ground. The fungus can grow on dead and living material. White mold tends to develop when wet weather is persistent.
Coverage	The best coverage can be obtained by using high gallonage (50 gallons per acre minimum) and high pressure (100 to 200 psi). Use three nozzles per row mounted eight to ten inches above the plants and angled toward them. Fungicide sprays must be directed to the blossoms to obtain good control.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available, however plant architecture influences disease development. Select varieties with open canopies that hold pods high off the ground.
Crop rotation	If there is a field history of white mold, beans should not be preceded by a bean, tomato, potato, lettuce, or crucifer crop. Grains and corn are good rotation crops.
Site selection	Avoid planting in shaded areas and in small fields surrounded by trees; do not plant in fields that drain poorly or have a history of severe white mold.
Planting	Plant rows in an east-west direction and use wide row spacing, 36 inches, to promote drying of the soil and reduce moisture in the plant canopy.
Fertilization	Avoid over fertilization.
Postharvest	Incorporate crop debris immediately following harvest to allow soil microorganisms the opportunity to feed on the survival structures called sclerotia or degrade disease organisms/overwintering structures.
Seed selection/treatment, and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
boscalid
	Endura 70 WDG	8-11 oz	7 Snap 21 Dry	12	15-21	Begin application of Endura (Group 7) at flowering or prior to the onset of disease. Do not make more than 2 applications per season.
Coniothyrium minitans
	Contans WG	2-4 lb/ 50-100 gal water	0	4	-	See comments below.
This biological fungicide (a mycoparasite) has been tested in several states including New York, Canada, and overseas. The fungicide reduces the number of overwintering structures of Sclerotinia called sclerotia in the soil. Contans must be in contact with sclerotia to kill them, so excellent coverage to soil or debris is essential. Contans requires 3 to 10 weeks to effectively colonize and destroy sclerotia. Apply Contans to a Sclerotinia-infected crop immediately following harvest at 1 lb/A and incorporate the debris into the soil and/or apply at 2 lb/acre to a planted crop right after planting followed by shallow incorporation (or irrigate) to about a 1 to 2 inch depth. It may be tank mixed with many herbicides. Do not turn the soil profile after application of Contans. This will avoid bringing untreated soil that contains viable sclerotia near the surface. The seller recommends applying Contans for at least 3 to 4 years to reduce soil levels, or every year a susceptible crop is grown in that field. In conventional systems, other fungicides will be needed at bloom unless sclerotia levels have declined sufficiently. Since the active ingredient is a living organism, storage life is enhanced by keeping the product in the refrigerator or freezer.
iprodione
	Rovral 50 WP 0.5 lb/lb	1.5-2 lb	See comments	24	8-11	Used with Topsin M (Group 1), Rovral (Group 2) has provided fair control. Good spray coverage is essential. Aerial application is not recommended. A maximum of 2 applications per season. The last application may be made no later than peak bloom.
	Rovral 4F 4 lb/gal	1.5-2 pt	See comments	24	7-9
thiophanate-methyl
	Topsin M 70 WP 0.7 lb/lb	1-2 lb	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	16-31	One of the most effective fungicides for white mold control. A tank mix of Topsin M (Group 1) and Endura (Group 7) should provide control of both white mold and gray mold.
	Topsin M WSB 0.7 lb/lb	1-2 lb	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	16-31
	Topsin M 4.5 FL 4.5 lb/gal	20-40 oz	14 Snap 28 Dry	12	13-25

13.5.7 Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV). BCMV is spread by seed and the following aphids - bean aphid, Aphis fabae; cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora; pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum; potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae; and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae.

Time for concern: Seeding through harvest

Key characteristics: Symptoms consist of green mosaic and downward cupping along the main vein of each leaflet. Green veinbanding, blistering, and malformation are common in leaves of the same plant. Plants are small, and pods may be mottled and malformed. BCMV symptoms are persistent. See References 3 and 7.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence and severity of BCMV. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	Eagle, Provider, and Strike varieties show resistance to BCMV.
Seed selection/treatment	Plant certified, disease-free seed.
Crop rotation, Site selection, Postharvest, and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage BCMV.

13.5.8 Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). BYMV is spread by the following aphids - bean aphid, Aphis fabae; cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora; pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum; potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae; and green peach aphid, Myzus persicae.

Time for concern: June through harvest

Key characteristics: Symptoms consist of leaf mosaic formed by contrasting yellow or green mosaic areas. Pods generally are not affected, but the number of seeds per pod may be reduced. See References 3 and 7.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence and severity of BYMV. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection	Plant late-season fields as far away from existing bean or cucurbit fields as possible.
Sanitation	BYMV does not persist in plant debris, in the soil, or on equipment. Eliminate weed hosts. A weed-free zone around fields may reduce incidence of BYMV.
Crop rotation, Seed selection/treatment, and Postharvest	These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage BYMV.

13.5.9 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) spread by seed and aphids

Time for concern: Seeding through harvest

Key characteristics: Symptoms consist of leaf curl, green mottle, blistering, and a zipperlike rugosity along the main veins involving only a few leaves. Symptoms resemble those for BCMV, but plants infected with CMV generally recover and resume normal growth. Infected plants may also not express symptoms. See References 3 and 7.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence and severity of CMV. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection	Avoid planting near weedy border areas.
Sanitation	CMV does not persist in plant debris, in the soil, or on equipment. Eliminate weed hosts. A weed-free zone around fields may reduce incidence of CMV.
Crop rotation, Seed selection/treatment, and Postharvest	These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage CMV.

13.5.10 Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) spread by aphids

Time for concern: June through harvest

Key characteristics: In addition to deforming pods, this virus also causes a prominent yellow mosaic, malformation, and reduction in plant size. See References 3 and 7.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence and severity of CYVV. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation, Site selection, Seed selection/treatment, Postharvest, and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage CYVV.

13.6 Insect Management

13.6.1 Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis mulsant

Time for concern: June through harvest

Key characteristics: Adults are 1/4 -1/3 inch long, convex, and oval /in form. They vary in color from yellow when newly emerged to a coppery brown when mature. Each wing has eight black dots in three rows across the back. Eggs are orange to yellow in color and deposited in groups of 40 to 50 on the underside of leaves. Larvae are yellow, and the bodies are covered with six rows of long, black-tipped spines. Feeding by adults and larvae results in the skeletonizing of leaves. See Reference 8 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Overwintering adults move into fields and feed for 1-2 weeks and then lay their eggs. Monitor fields by scouting for adults, eggs, and larvae. Because populations vary within a field and between fields in an area, it is difficult to determine when population numbers present a threat. Control can be obtained with one treatment. See Reference 3.
Natural enemies			Natural enemies such as parasitic flies, wasps, and predators help to control Mexican flea beetle populations. An imported parasitoid, Pebiobus foveolatus, can be important for control. The parasitoid does not overwinter successfully, so it must be reared and released each year. Natural enemies can be preserved by using pesticides that are less harmful to them. Use Reference 9 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ ent/biocontrol/ for identification of other natural enemies.
Trap crop			Early-planted trap crops attract overwintered beetles to the field where parasitoids can be introduced or insecticides applied judiciously.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Planting date			Damage can be reduced by avoiding early plantings.
Postharvest			After harvest, plow under the infested crop to destroy overwintering beetles.
Crop rotation, Site selection, and Sanitation			These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
acephate
	Orthene 97 0.97lb/lb	0.5-1 lb		14	24	11-23	Do not use more than 2 1/8 lbs of product per acre per season. Do not feed treated vines.
azidiractin
	Aza-Direct 0.1 lb/gal	1-2 pt		0	4	<1	Control of larvae only
beta-cyfluthrin
	*Baythroid XL 1 lb/gal	2.4-3.2 fl oz		7	12	1	Dry bean and pea only
carbaryl
	Sevin XLR Plus 4 lb/gal	0.5-1 qt		3 snap 21 dry	12	9-18	Observe plant response precautions
dimethoate
	Dimethoate 400 4 lb/gal	0.5-1 pt		0	48	16-32	Do not apply when the crop is in bloom. Do not feed treated vines.
disulfoton
	*Di-Syston 8 8 lb/gal	1-2 pt		60	48	89-178	Control of larvae only

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
lambda-cyhalothrin
	*Warrior 1 lb/gal	1.92-3.2 oz	7 snap 21 dry	24	<1
methomyl
	*Lannate LV 2.4 lb/gal	0.75-3 pt	See comments	48	7-28	PHI (in days): 1 for >0.75 pt, snap; 3 for >1.5 pt, snap; 14 dry. Do not feed forage vines within 3 days or cut for hay within 7 days.
methyl parathion
	*Penncap-M 2 lb/gal	2 pt	15 dry	96	16	Do not apply from 7 days prior to bloom through peak bloom. Do not contaminate flowering weeds. DRY BEANS ONLY.
thiamethoxam
	Cruiser 5FS (seed treatment) 5 lb/gal	1.28 fl oz per 100 lbs of seed	—	—	—	Seed must be treated commercially and purchased outside of New York
* Restricted use only.

13.6.2 Potato leafhopper (PLH), Empoasca fabae

(Affects both dry and snap beans)

Time for concern: Early June through prebloom

Key characteristics: The adult is wedge-shaped, iridescent green in color, and 1/8 inch long. The body is widest at the head. Eggs are laid singly on the underside of leaves. Both adults and nymphs are very active, running forwards, backwards, or sideways. The symptoms produced by feeding have been termed “hopperburn.” The first sign of hopperburn is whitening of the veins. These areas become flaccid and yellow in color, then desiccate, turn brown, and die. Leaf curling is also very common. The entire process takes four to five days. See Reference 10 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Potato leafhoppers migrate from southern areas each year and their time of arrival varies. Check for the presence of adult potato leafhoppers by using a sweep net or by placing yellow, sticky traps near field edges. Nymphs are best sampled by visual examination of the undersides of leaves on the lower half of the plant. Bean yields are most likely to be reduced by potato leafhoppers if damage occurs before bloom. In Cruiser-treated fields: a foliar treatment should not be needed before bloom and rarely needed after bloom. ONLY the presence of nymphs indicates that Cruiser is no longer working. Adults may be commonly observed on plants throughout the season, but they are rarely feeding due to ingestion of Cruiser. In non-Cruiser-treated fields: during prebloom, treat when more than one nymph per trifoliate leaf is found or when the number of adults exceeds 100 per 20 sweeps. On newly emerged beans, lower densities of leafhoppers than those mentioned above may be damaging. See Reference 3.
Natural enemies	Although a variety of natural enemies of potato leafhoppers have been reported, their impact on infestations is not well known. Use Reference 9 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies.
Resistant varieties	The kidney bean variety Redkloud is more tolerant to PLH feeding than the California Light Red variety. The snap bean variety Labrador appears to have noticeable tolerance to potato leafhoppers while Tenderlake has shown some sensitivity.
Crop rotation, Site selection, Postharvest, and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
acephate

Pest Management Guidelines A Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication	Cornell Guide for Pest Management of Vegetables
Home \| CALS \| PMEP \| All IPM Guidelines

Recommendation