1: L = low, M = moderate, and H = high level of tolerance to pest/problem. When disease tolerance for a particular variety is unknown, line is left blank.

2: See Thrips on page 110 for a more complete listing.

3: Days to maturity.

Chinese cabbage, heading Cauliflower

Blues Amazing (S,F)

Tango Sentinel (S)

Manoko Apex (S,F) Optiko Minuteman (S)

Chorus Cumberland (S,F)

Fremont (S)

Chinese cabbage, leafy Candid Charm (F)

Joi Choi Serrano (F,Tr)

Prize Choi Icon (F)

Mei Qing Choi Starbrite Y (F,Tr)

Guardian (F, Tr)

Broccoli Minuteman (F,Tr)

Premium Crop (S) Shasta (F, Tr)

Packman(S)

Baron (S) Brussels sprouts

Everest (S,F) Oliver

Regal (S,F) Jade Cross E

Green Valiant (F) Prince Marvel

Major (F) Diablo (Tr)

Sabre (F) Vancover (Tr)

Ritol (F, tr) Rowena (Tr)

S = spring; F = fall; Tr = trial

15.2 Planting Methods

Cabbage. Seed can be planted outdoors relatively early in the spring because germination will occur at soil temperatures as low as 40°F. The optimal range for germination is 45° to 85°F. Planting of fresh-market cabbage usually starts in late April or early May in upstate New York and one to two weeks earlier on Long Island. Most Chinese heading cabbage (Napa) are direct seeded in mid-May for early July harvest.

Cabbage for medium- to long-term storage is usually transplanted to the field in June or early July for mid- to late-fall harvest. Plants four to six weeks old, slightly hardened, with four to five true leaves are best. Transplants for summer plantings are usually grown in field nurseries. For early spring planting, plants are grown in greenhouses where temperatures can be kept above 55°F, or they are shipped from southern states. Transplants may also be used for Chinese heading cabbage. Use a minimum transplant cell size of one-inch diameter. Plants should have a minimum of five true leaves and be grown for no longer than four weeks (including hardening) to avoid checking growth and potential bolting.

Most cabbage in New York is transplanted, but a considerable acreage of the crop grown for late summer or fall harvest is direct seeded. Direct seeding requires greater attention to detail than transplanting, but if the seed is relatively inexpensive, direct seeding is less costly than transplanting. Precision seeders should be used to obtain a uniform, well-spaced stand. Good soil preparation and shallow seed placement (1/2 to 3/4 inch) are necessary for direct seeding to be successful. Timely control of root maggot and flea beetle is especially important in direct-seeded fields.

Broccoli. Planting methods are similar to those for cabbage. See above. Transplants are set starting in late April in upstate New York and continuing through mid- to late August. Direct seeding can be successful, but careful attention to detail is required. Direct-seeded fields should be planted 15 to 20 days before transplants are set out if simultaneous crop maturity is desired. Seed size is important for emergence through crusted soils, and seeds greater than 1/14 inch in diameter will produce better stands than smaller seeds.

Cauliflower. Most cauliflower in New York State is grown for fall harvest with transplants set from mid- to late July. Some growers in cooler areas may have success with spring-planted crops transplanted in early April. Spring planted

broccoli and cauliflower are subject to “buttoning”. See Table 15.4.1 for an explanation.

Brussels sprouts. Brussels sprouts are best transplanted beginning in late June.

Table 15.2.1 Recommended spacing.

Crop Row (inches) In-row (inches)

Cabbage

Fresh market 24-36 10-14

Kraut 24-36 18-24

Chinese

Early 3 rows per bed with

Mid 12 to 15 inches

Late between plants in row

Broccoli

Field seeded 3-4 rows/bed at 17” 7-10

Transplants 24-36 12-18

Cauliflower 34-36 12-18

Brussels sprouts 34-36 24

15.3 Fertility

Maintain a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. A pH above 6.8 may be useful where club root is a problem. See Table 15.3.1 for the recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Boron may be needed on sandy soils with low organic matter or when the pH is <5.5 or near 7.0. Add one to two pounds of boron per acre to the fertilizer. Magnesium may be needed on sandy soils with pH <5.5 that cannot be limed because of rotational considerations. Apply 25 pounds of magnesium per acre in the fertilizer under these conditions. Molybdenum may be deficient at pH <5.5. If the pH will not be raised because of rotational considerations, two to four pounds of sodium or ammonium molybdate per acre may be applied in the fertilizer or irrigation water.

Table 15.3.1 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests.
N pounds/acre	P₂O₅ pounds/acre			K₂O pounds/acre			Comments
	Soil Phosphorus Level			Soil Potassium Level
	low	med.	high	low	med.	high
Application for direct seeding
*100-120*	*120*	80	40	*160*	*120*	60	*Total recommended.*
40	80	40	0	120	80	20	Broadcast and disk-in.¹
40	40	40	40	40	40	40	Band place with planter
20-40	0	0	0	0	0	0	Sidedress four weeks after seeding
Application for transplants
*100-120*	*120*	80	40	*160*	*120*	60	*Total recommended.*
40	80	40	40²	120	80	20	Broadcast and disk-in.¹
40	40	40	0	40	40	20	Band place with planter or broadcast before transplanting.
20-40	0	0	0	0	0	0	Sidedress 2-3 weeks after planting.

¹ Growers with leachable soils may split the necessary nitrogen between planting and sidedressing and eliminate broadcast applications.

² If phosphorus level is high, starter solution may provide adequate phosphorus with no additional P₂O₅ needed

15.4 Harvesting

Caution: All crucifer crops are sensitive to ethylene in storage. Symptoms include leaf yellowing and abscission.

Cabbage. Fresh-market cabbage is cut with four to five wrapper leaves and is usually packed at 14 to 18 heads per box. Storage cabbage is usually harvested with one to two wrapper leaves and placed directly in pallet bins that hold approximately one ton of cabbage.

Fresh-market cabbage harvest may begin as early as the first week of July and continue through the summer. Storage and kraut harvests begin in mid-October and may continue through November.

Kraut cabbage is harvested almost entirely by machine, but fresh-market and storage crops are cut by hand because machine harvest damages the head and wrapper leaves. Harvest aids such as conveyer belts that carry cabbage into pallet boxes in the field are frequently used for the large storage cabbage fields. Cabbage that has been handled carefully can be stored for weeks or even months longer than badly bruised cabbage. Bruised cabbage also takes longer to trim and suffers greater product loss. Overmature cabbage will have a shorter storage life than mature or slightly immature cabbage.

Chinese cabbage. This crop will tolerate light frosts. Napa cabbage is harvested when the head is fully developed and firm. Note: the head will never be as firm as standard cabbage.

Broccoli. Broccoli to be sold by the head should be firm, well developed, but not opening. Leaves are trimmed and heads are sold either individually or by weight. Bunched broccoli is usually trimmed to eight inches in length and two or more heads are banded together. Bunched broccoli is generally stored in containers holding 14 to 18 bunches (about 23 pounds of broccoli). Cooling after harvest is important to maintain quality.

Cauliflower. Harvest cauliflower when curds are tight and compact and still surrounded by healthy wrapper leaves. When wrapper leaves are left on, cauliflower loses its moisture very quickly. Refrigerate at 32°F and 95 percent relative humidity with good ventilation. Under ideal conditions, cauliflower may be stored for four to five weeks. Cauliflower is normally packed in cartons of 12 to 16 heads weighing 25 to 30 pounds.

Brussels sprouts. Brussels sprouts are harvested when they are about one to two inches in diameter, firm, and with good color. Once stripped from the main stalk, sprouts should be stored at 32°F, with high relative humidity and good air circulation. Under these conditions, sprouts will maintain good quality for up to five weeks. Stored too long, outer leaves become yellow, and texture becomes poor. Brussels sprouts are normally packed in flats or cartons consisting of 16 12-ounce bags. Marketing Brussels sprouts by the stalk is practiced at the retail level.

Storage. Storage facilities should be thoroughly cleaned prior to fall use. All crop debris should be removed and the floors mopped and disinfected. After cleaning, the storage facility should be ventilated to remove all vapors and odors from the cleaning solutions. The floor must be completely dry. Wooden storage boxes are often disinfected to remove pathogens and contaminating organisms that may cause decay. Many disinfectants are available and include the following products that are registered for use on wooden vegetable containers: Dowcide A Antimicrobial, PQ-20 R-T-U Wood Preservative, Boxlife-C, Decco WT-53, and Freshgard 25. Storage boxes should be treated after use in the summer months prior to fall harvest. Whether or not the storage boxes are treated with a disinfectant, air drying the boxes outside the storage facility during the warm summer months will promote desiccation and death of organisms on them.

Table 15.4.1 Nonpathogenic disorders
Crop(s)	Disorder	Management	Recommendation
Cabbage	Internal tipburn	Variety selection, Irrigation	Tipburn is caused by inadequate supply of calcium in one or more of the leaves. Maintain uniform soil moisture to prevent moisture stress. Some varieties have been shown to be tipburn tolerant.
Cabbage	Black petiole	Variety selection, fertility	Black petiole may be associated with high levels of phosphorus and corresponding low levels of potassium.
Cabbage	Pepper spot or black speck	Variety selection	Spot or spec may be caused by high rates of fertilizer, cultural conditions promoting vigorous growth, and temperature fluctuations. High rates of potassium have been shown to reduce severity.
Broccoli	Buttoning	Transplant size	Large or old broccoli plants and those grown at low temperatures (55° to 60°F) are likely to button after field setting. For early spring planting, choose only small, hardy transplants with no more than four to five true leaves.
Cauliflower Cabbage	Bolting	Variety selection	Bolting can occur if the early planted crop is subjected to ten or more continuous days of temperatures between 35° and 50°F. The sensitivity to bolting is variety dependent.
Broccoli	Premature flowering	Irrigation	Premature flowering is usually attributed to periods of hot weather immediately before heads are harvested; however, high temperatures (>90°F) seven to eight weeks after seeding have a greater influence on the tendency to flower than high temperatures the week before harvest. Irrigation during high temperatures could reduce potential loss.

15.5 Disease Management

15.5.1 Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria spp.

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest

Key characteristics: Alternaria species cause distinct brown to black circular spots with concentric rings (target spot). Initial symptoms are pinpoint brown to black circular spots on leaf or stem surfaces. See References 1 and 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for Alternaria leaf spot. Record the occurrence and severity of Alternaria. No thresholds are available. Be aware of the presence of flea beetles. Research has shown that flea beetles can spread this disease.
Resistant varieties			Crown Hybrid, Rolto, and Rona have shown tolerance to this disease.
Crop rotation			Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
Site selection			Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment			Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the inoculum on seeds and is necessary only with infested seed lots. Soak Chinese cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the pathogen from heavily infested lots.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
boscalid
	Endura 70 WDG	6-9 oz		0	12	12-17	Do not make more than 2 applications per season of this Group 7 fungicide.
chlorothalonil
	Bravo, Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal	1.5 pt		7	12	33	Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label.
pyraclostrobin
	Cabrio EG	12-16 oz		0	12	5-6	No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action (other than Group 11).

15.5.2 Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris

Time for concern: Planting through harvest

Key characteristics: Seedlings and older plants exhibit yellow, V-shaped lesions at leaf margins. See References 1, 2, and 3.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Examine seedbeds, greenhouse transplants and production fields weekly for black rot. Record the occurrence and severity of black rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties			Many varieties have some level of tolerance to black rot. See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties.
*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Crop rotation			Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
Site selection			Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment			Direct field seeding is recommended. Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the bacterial populations. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots. Planting clean seed is the most effective means of controlling black rot. Seed can be tested by contacting the Georgia Department of Agriculture, Plant Industry Division, Capital Square, Albany, GA 30344.
Cultivation			If disease develops, do not cultivate or spray until foliage is dry. Clean equipment thoroughly after it is used in fields with this disease.
Transplants			To avoid spread of the bacteria, do not clip oversized transplants.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. Cabbage harvested with black rot should not be placed into storage.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
copper compounds
	Champ F or OLF	0.33 – 0.66 pt		0	24	5-10	Label amount required varies with manufacturer and formulation. Copper compounds are unable to control disease when wet weather is persistent.

15.5.3 Black leg, seed decay, Phoma lingam

Time for concern: Seed

Key characteristics: Black leg causes dark, sunken cankers at the base of the stem or light brown circular leaf spots. Look for black, speck size, pycnidia on cankers and spots. See References 1 and 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence and severity of black leg. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Minimum four years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
Site selection			Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of pathogens from old to young plants.
Seed selection/treatment			Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. Hot water treatment kills the black leg fungi and is necessary only on infected seed lots. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested lots.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
iprodione
	Rovral 50 WP 0.5 lb/lb	2 lb		0	24	11	For use on broccoli only. Apply at 2 - 4 leaf stage. Do not make more than 2 applications per crop (Group 2 fungicide).
	Rovral 4F 4 lb/gal	2 pt		0	24	9

15.5.4 Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest

Key characteristics: Large spindle-shaped galls appear on roots; yellowing and wilting occurs on the aboveground portion. See References 1 and 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for clubroot. Record the occurrence of clubroot. No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			The clubbed roots disintegrate and contaminate the soil with resting spores for seven to ten years or longer. Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant wasted has been dumped.
Site selection			Land should be selected that has not produced cruciferous crops for seven years or longer.
Soil management			Adjust soil pH to 6.8 with ground limestone to manage clubroot. Broadcast and incorporate at least 1500 pounds per acre of hydrated lime at least six weeks before planting. The final pH should be about 7.2. Hydrated lime should be added each year unless the soil pH exceeds 7.5.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
PCNB
	Terraclor 75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	2 lb/100 gal		—	12	53	Transplant solution. Do not use liquid Terraclor.
	Terraclor 75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	30 lb		—	12	788	In-furrow. Do not use liquid Terraclor.
	Terraclor 75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	40 lb		—	12	1050	Broadcast. Do not use liquid Terraclor.

15.5.5 Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica

Time for concern: Seedling through harvest

Key characteristics: Small, yellow leaf spots turn brown with blue or black lace-like markings. Vascular tissue is discolored. In moist weather, look for white downy mold on leaf underside. See References 1 and 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence and severity of downy mildew. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Site selection and Seed selection/treatment			These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
chlorothalonil
	Bravo, Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal	1.5 pt		7	12	33	Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for shortened reentry interval on label.
copper compounds
	Champ F or OLF	0.33 – 0.66 pt		0	24	5-10	Label amount required varies with manufacturer and formulation.
fosetyl-Al
	Aliette WDG 0.8 lb/lb	2-5 lb		3	12	18-45
maneb
	Maneb 75DF 0.75 lb/lb	1.5-2 lb		7	24	24-32
mefenoxam + chlorothalonil
	Ridomil Gold Bravo	1.5 lb		7	48	40
pyraclostrobin
	Cabrio EG	12-16 oz		0	12	5-6	No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of action.

15.5.6 Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum

Time for concern: Planting through harvest

Key characteristics: Fusarium yellows causes a sickly, dwarfed, yellow appearance and leaf drop, with vascular tissue browning on affected sides of leaves and plants. Leaves often are twisted, with one-sided yellowing. Oldest leaves are usually affected first. See References 1 and 2.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Record the occurrence and severity of Fusarium yellows. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties	Resistant varieties are the most effective means of controlling this disease. See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties.
Crop rotation	Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
Site selection	Select fields that have not had crucifers for seven years or more.
Postharvest	Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to initiate decomposition
Sanitation	See Section 15.4 Storage.
Seed selection/treatment	This is not a currently viable management option.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage this disease.

15.5.7 Head rot of broccoli, Pseudomonas spp.

Time for concern: Heading to harvest

Key characteristics: Head rot begins as water-soaked florets that become malodorous and soft-rotted if head maturation coincides with periods of prolonged, wet weather.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Tight heads and doming are important horticultural characteristics for lessening bacterial head rot. Record the occurrence and severity of head rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties	Shogun, Green Defender, and Pirate are less susceptible to head rot than other varieties but may be lacking in other horticultural qualities.
Irrigation	Avoid excessive irrigation.
Crop rotation	Minimum two years without cruciferous crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard.
Site selection	Select land with good air movement and favorable soil moisture.
Postharvest	Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation	Clean all tools used during harvest. Avoid entering fields when plants are wet.
Seed selection/treatment	This is not a currently viable management option.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are labeled to manage this disease.

15.5.8 Root rot, caused primarily by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani

Time for concern: At planting and early growth stages.

Key characteristics: Depending on the time of onset, infection by these organisms may appear as seed decay, seedling damping-off, or root rot. Rhizoctonia infections may also result in wire-stem symptoms as well as foliar blight symptoms on top of the head and the outer leaves. Leaf margins discolor red to purple, and leaves die beginning at the tip and progressing toward the stem. Plants may wilt, and gray-brown lesions may appear on stem and lower leaves at the soil surface. See Reference 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence and severity of root rot. No thresholds have been established.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Minimum three years out of vegetables
Seed selection/treatment			Plant disease-free seed that has been treated with fungicides (Apron+Maxim).
Site selection			Plant on well-drained and light-textured soils.
Postharvest			If tillage system in use permits, crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of inoculum for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			This is not currently a viable management option.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
mefenoxam
	Ridomil Gold EC or OLF	1-2 pt		—	48	14-28	Used for control of Pythium damping-off at 0.25-0.5 pt/A. Do not dip plants in Ridomil solution or crop injury may occur.
PCNB
	Terraclor 75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	15-20 lb/50+gal water		—	12	394-525	Broadcast application. PCNB is used to control Rhizoctonia wire-stem.
	Terraclor 75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb	10-15 lb/35gal water		—	12	263-394	Row application. PCNB is used to control Rhizoctonia wire-stem.

15.5.9 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Time for concern: Head formation through harvest

Key characteristics: Sclerotinia white mold causes bleached, water-soaked spots that enlarge to irregular-shaped areas that become covered with fluffy, white mold. Look for black sclerotia on and in diseased parts. See References 1, 2, and 4.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia white mold. No thresholds have been established.
Note(s)			Avoid mechanical damage to plants. Avoid weedy fields infested with ragweed and velvetleaf.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Minimum three years without crucifer crops, susceptible weeds (ragweed and velvetleaf), or other susceptible crops, such as beans and carrots. Rotations with nonhosts such as grains and sweet corn are recommended. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped.
*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Site selection			Select fields with good air and water drainage. Avoid weedy fields.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			See Section 15.4 Storage.
Seed selection/treatment			This is not a currently viable management option.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
boscalid
	Endura 70 WDG	6-9 oz		0	12	6-17	For control of Sclerotinia stem rot. Do not make more than 2 applicatoins per season of this Group 7 fungicide.
Coniothyrium minitans
	Contans WG	2-4 lbs/50- 100 gals water		0	4		Apply biofungicide at least 3 months prior to anticipated white mold outbreak. Read label for details of soil application and incorporation which is critical for performance.

15.5.10 Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii

Time for concern: Before and during planting

Key characteristics: Symptoms include stunted plants that result in small, loose heads. Roots branch excessively. The appearance of pearly-white, tan, or reddish bodies of female nematodes is common on the root surface. See Reference 2.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Record the occurrence of sugar beet cyst nematodes. The damaging level is six to nine eggs per cubic centimeter (cc) of soil.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Minimum three years without crucifer crops, beets, or cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Rotations with nonhosts such as alfalfa and sweet corn are better than rotations with soybean or wheat.
Site selection			Choose soil in good tilth, without recent history of beet or cabbage production and/or analyze for the presence of the nematode by collecting a representative soil sample.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to stop further development of the nematode on roots and to initiate decomposition.
Sanitation			Control weeds in the cabbage and beet families, such as lambsquarter, because they are also hosts to this nematode.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
fenamiphos
	*Nemacur 15% G 0.15 lb/lb	27-40 lbs		—	48	674-999	For use on cabbage and transplanted Brussels sprouts.
*Restricted use only.

15.6 Insect Management

15.6.1 Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum

Time for concern: April through July

Key characteristics: The cabbage root maggot is a small, white, legless worm with a blunt end that grows about 1/4 inch in length. Look for brown tunnels in stems and roots. See www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			A degree-day model to predict the flight periods of cabbage root maggot adults can help growers manage this pest. A detailed description of the flight periods for your area can be obtained through the NYS IPM program’s Northeast Weather Association. As a general guide for conditions around Ontario County, adults from the overwintering population first begin to emerge about May 1. After this spring emergence, another generation of adults will have its peak flight in mid to late June, another generation in the middle of August and a final generation in early September. Another general guideline for Ontario County for time of occurence is to note the flowering period for some wild plants. Research has shown that Yellow Rocket roughly correlates with the first brood adult emergence, Day Lily with the second brood, Canada Thistle and Goldenrod with the third brood, and New England Aster with the fourth brood. Growers may want to apply an insecticide if planting occurs close to an adult peak.
Note(s)			Cabbage maggot eggs can be killed if soil temperatures are above 95°F for several days. During May and June, these temperatures will often be reached unless soil moisture is high due to rains.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available, but all varieties become more tolerant of injury after seedling stage. Broccoli and cauliflower are more susceptible than cabbage or Brussels sprouts.
Spunbonded row covers			Spunbonded row covers can control cabbage maggots. At time of seeding, place in the field and seal the edges to keep cabbage maggots out. The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers. It is important to make use of crop rotation when using row covers. Otherwise, flies may emerge under the row covers and damage the crop.
Crop rotation			Rotation will help reduce root maggot populations.
Site selection			Soils with high organic matter content will be more problematic.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the spread of cabbage root maggots.
Sanitation			This is not a currently viable management option.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
chlorpyrifos
	Lorsban 15G 0.15 lb/lb	4.6-9.2 oz/1000 ft		7 (21 for cauliflower)	24 (3 for caulif.)	30-60	Apply to direct-seeded cabbage. There has been at least one documented case of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk County.
	*Lorsban 4E 4 lb/gal	1.6-2.75 oz/1000 ft			24 (3 for caulif.)	30-60
Diazinon
	*Diazinon 500 AG	2-3 qt		21-cabbage 7-broccoli 7-cauliflower 7-Br. Sp.	24	83-125	Field seedbed use only. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation.
* Restricted use only.

15.6.2 Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae

Time for concern: Cotyledon, seedling, and mature head

Key characteristics: Flea beetles are shiny and black, about 1/16 inch long, and jump when disturbed; they chew tiny holes in foliage. See www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.

Management Option

Recommendation

Pest Management Guidelines A Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication	Cornell Guide for Pest Management of Vegetables
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