Chapter
15 Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower,
Brussels Sprouts
Contents
15.5.1 Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria spp.
15.5.2 Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris
15.5.3 Black leg, seed decay, Phoma lingam
15.5.4 Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae
15.5.5 Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica
15.5.6 Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum
15.5.7 Head rot of broccoli, Pseudomonas spp.
15.5.8 Root rot, caused primarily
by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani
15.5.9 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
15.5.10 Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii
15.6.1 Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum
15.6.2 Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae
15.6.3 Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella
15.6.4 Imported cabbageworm (ICW), Pieris rapae
15.6.5 Cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni
15.6.7 Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
15.6.8 Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii
15.1
Recommended Varieties
Cabbage Pest Tolerance1
Variety Yellows Black rot Tipburn Thrips2
Fresh-market, Green
Heads Up (60)3 H - - -
Pacifica (64) H H H M
Charmant (65) H H - -
Morris (67) H - - L
Tastie (68) H - - H
Atlantis (70) H H - L
Blue Gem (70) H H - -
Fresco (75) H H - H
Solid Blue 770 (77) H H - -
Green Cup (78) H H H H
Solid Blue 780 (78) H H - -
Solid Blue 790 (79) H - - -
Blue Vantage (80) H L H H
Ramada (83) H H - L
Blue Pack (83) H L H M
Gideon (83) H H - L
Pennant (84) H - H -
Bravo (85) H H - -
Cheers (85) H H - H
Emblem (85) H H H -
SuperElite (85) H H - M
Vantage Point (85) H H H H
Fortuna (86) - - - -
Fresh-market, Red
Red Jewel (75) - - - -
Royale (78) H L H -
Red Rookie (78) - H - -
Super Red 80 (80) - M H L
Super Red 83 (83) H L H -
Ruby Perfection (95) M M M -
Savoy
Famosa (70) - - H -
Clarissa (78) H - H -
Savoy Ace (78-83) M - - -
Bountivoy (84) H - - -
Storage
Masada (103) H M-H H M
Saratoga (105) H L-M H L
Storage #4 (112) H L-M - L
Avalon (112) H M - H
Rona (red) (115) M H H H
Autoro (red) (115) - M H L
Huron (115) H M - H
Loughton (115) H M-H - L
Amtrak (115) H M H M
Bartolo (115) - L-M H L
Lectro (red) (117) - - H L
Crown (118) H L-M - L
Zerlina (125) - H H L
Cabbage Pest Tolerance1
Variety Yellows Black rot Tipburn Thrips2
Processing - Kraut and Slaw
Almanac (slaw) (70) - - H L
Fresco (75) H - - H
Cecile (80) H L-M H L
Discover (90) H - H M
Genesee (98) H L H L
Hinova (100) H H H L
Azan (103) H L H L
Masada (103) H M-H - L/M
Transam (105) H L-M H H
Atria (110) H L H L
1: L = low, M = moderate, and
H = high level of tolerance to pest/problem. When disease tolerance for a
particular variety is unknown, line is left blank.
2: See Thrips on page 110 for
a more complete listing.
3: Days to maturity.
Chinese cabbage, heading Cauliflower
Blues Amazing
(S,F)
Tango Sentinel
(S)
Manoko Apex
(S,F) Optiko Minuteman (S)
Chorus Cumberland
(S,F)
Fremont
(S)
Chinese cabbage, leafy Candid Charm (F)
Joi Choi Serrano
(F,Tr)
Prize Choi Icon
(F)
Mei Qing Choi Starbrite Y (F,Tr)
Guardian
(F, Tr)
Broccoli Minuteman
(F,Tr)
Premium Crop (S) Shasta (F, Tr)
Packman(S)
Baron (S) Brussels sprouts
Everest (S,F) Oliver
Regal (S,F) Jade
Cross E
Green Valiant (F) Prince Marvel
Major (F) Diablo
(Tr)
Sabre (F) Vancover
(Tr)
Ritol (F, tr) Rowena (Tr)
S = spring; F = fall; Tr =
trial
15.2 Planting
Methods
Cabbage. Seed can be planted outdoors relatively early in the spring because germination will occur at soil temperatures as low as 40°F. The optimal range for germination is 45° to 85°F. Planting of fresh-market cabbage usually starts in late April or early May in upstate New York and one to two weeks earlier on Long Island. Most Chinese heading cabbage (Napa) are direct seeded in mid-May for early July harvest.
Cabbage for medium- to long-term storage is usually transplanted to the field in June or early July for mid- to late-fall harvest. Plants four to six weeks old, slightly hardened, with four to five true leaves are best. Transplants for summer plantings are usually grown in field nurseries. For early spring planting, plants are grown in greenhouses where temperatures can be kept above 55°F, or they are shipped from southern states. Transplants may also be used for Chinese heading cabbage. Use a minimum transplant cell size of one-inch diameter. Plants should have a minimum of five true leaves and be grown for no longer than four weeks (including hardening) to avoid checking growth and potential bolting.
Most cabbage in New York is transplanted, but a considerable acreage of the crop grown for late summer or fall harvest is direct seeded. Direct seeding requires greater attention to detail than transplanting, but if the seed is relatively inexpensive, direct seeding is less costly than transplanting. Precision seeders should be used to obtain a uniform, well-spaced stand. Good soil preparation and shallow seed placement (1/2 to 3/4 inch) are necessary for direct seeding to be successful. Timely control of root maggot and flea beetle is especially important in direct-seeded fields.
Broccoli. Planting methods are similar to those for cabbage. See above. Transplants are set starting in late April in upstate New York and continuing through mid- to late August. Direct seeding can be successful, but careful attention to detail is required. Direct-seeded fields should be planted 15 to 20 days before transplants are set out if simultaneous crop maturity is desired. Seed size is important for emergence through crusted soils, and seeds greater than 1/14 inch in diameter will produce better stands than smaller seeds.
Cauliflower. Most cauliflower in New York State is grown for fall harvest with transplants set from mid- to late July. Some growers in cooler areas may have success with spring-planted crops transplanted in early April. Spring planted
broccoli and cauliflower are subject to “buttoning”. See Table 15.4.1 for an explanation.
Brussels sprouts. Brussels sprouts are best transplanted beginning in late June.
Table 15.2.1 Recommended
spacing.
Crop Row
(inches) In-row (inches)
Cabbage
Fresh market 24-36 10-14
Kraut 24-36 18-24
Chinese
Early 3 rows per bed with
Mid 12 to 15 inches
Late between plants in row
Broccoli
Field seeded 3-4
rows/bed at 17” 7-10
Transplants 24-36 12-18
Cauliflower 34-36 12-18
Brussels sprouts 34-36 24
15.3 Fertility
Maintain a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. A pH above 6.8 may be useful where club root is a problem. See Table 15.3.1 for the recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Boron may be needed on sandy soils with low organic matter or when the pH is <5.5 or near 7.0. Add one to two pounds of boron per acre to the fertilizer. Magnesium may be needed on sandy soils with pH <5.5 that cannot be limed because of rotational considerations. Apply 25 pounds of magnesium per acre in the fertilizer under these conditions. Molybdenum may be deficient at pH <5.5. If the pH will not be raised because of rotational considerations, two to four pounds of sodium or ammonium molybdate per acre may be applied in the fertilizer or irrigation water.
|
Table 15.3.1 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests. |
||||||||
|
N pounds/acre |
P2O5
pounds/acre |
|
K2O pounds/acre |
Comments |
||||
|
|
Soil Phosphorus
Level |
|
Soil Potassium
Level |
|
||||
|
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
|
Application for direct
seeding |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
100-120 |
120 |
80 |
40 |
|
160 |
120 |
60 |
Total recommended. |
|
40 |
80 |
40 |
0 |
|
120 |
80 |
20 |
Broadcast and disk-in.1 |
|
40 |
40 |
40 |
40 |
|
40 |
40 |
40 |
Band place with planter |
|
20-40 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sidedress
four weeks after seeding |
|
Application for transplants |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
100-120 |
120 |
80 |
40 |
|
160 |
120 |
60 |
Total recommended. |
|
40 |
80 |
40 |
402 |
|
120 |
80 |
20 |
Broadcast and disk-in.1 |
|
40 |
40 |
40 |
0 |
|
40 |
40 |
20 |
Band place with planter or broadcast before transplanting. |
|
20-40 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
Sidedress 2-3 weeks after planting. |
1 Growers with leachable soils may split the necessary
nitrogen between planting and sidedressing and eliminate broadcast
applications.
2 If phosphorus level is high, starter solution may
provide adequate phosphorus with no additional P2O5 needed
15.4
Harvesting
Caution: All crucifer crops are sensitive to ethylene in storage. Symptoms include leaf yellowing and abscission.
Cabbage. Fresh-market cabbage is cut with four to five wrapper leaves and is usually packed at 14 to 18 heads per box. Storage cabbage is usually harvested with one to two wrapper leaves and placed directly in pallet bins that hold approximately one ton of cabbage.
Fresh-market cabbage harvest may begin as early as the first week of July and continue through the summer. Storage and kraut harvests begin in mid-October and may continue through November.
3
Kraut cabbage is harvested almost entirely by machine, but fresh-market and storage crops are cut by hand because machine harvest damages the head and wrapper leaves. Harvest aids such as conveyer belts that carry cabbage into pallet boxes in the field are frequently used for the large storage cabbage fields. Cabbage that has been handled carefully can be stored for weeks or even months longer than badly bruised cabbage. Bruised cabbage also takes longer to trim and suffers greater product loss. Overmature cabbage will have a shorter storage life than mature or slightly immature cabbage.
Chinese cabbage. This crop will tolerate light frosts. Napa cabbage is harvested when the head is fully developed and firm. Note: the head will never be as firm as standard cabbage.
Broccoli. Broccoli to be sold by the head should be firm, well developed, but not opening. Leaves are trimmed and heads are sold either individually or by weight. Bunched broccoli is usually trimmed to eight inches in length and two or more heads are banded together. Bunched broccoli is generally stored in containers holding 14 to 18 bunches (about 23 pounds of broccoli). Cooling after harvest is important to maintain quality.
Cauliflower. Harvest cauliflower when curds are tight and compact and still surrounded by healthy wrapper leaves. When wrapper leaves are left on, cauliflower loses its moisture very quickly. Refrigerate at 32°F and 95 percent relative humidity with good ventilation. Under ideal conditions, cauliflower may be stored for four to five weeks. Cauliflower is normally packed in cartons of 12 to 16 heads weighing 25 to 30 pounds.
Brussels sprouts. Brussels sprouts are harvested when they are about one to two inches in diameter, firm, and with good color. Once stripped from the main stalk, sprouts should be stored at 32°F, with high relative humidity and good air circulation. Under these conditions, sprouts will maintain good quality for up to five weeks. Stored too long, outer leaves become yellow, and texture becomes poor. Brussels sprouts are normally packed in flats or cartons consisting of 16 12-ounce bags. Marketing Brussels sprouts by the stalk is practiced at the retail level.
Storage. Storage facilities should be thoroughly cleaned prior to fall use. All crop debris should be removed and the floors mopped and disinfected. After cleaning, the storage facility should be ventilated to remove all vapors and odors from the cleaning solutions. The floor must be completely dry. Wooden storage boxes are often disinfected to remove pathogens and contaminating organisms that may cause decay. Many disinfectants are available and include the following products that are registered for use on wooden vegetable containers: Dowcide A Antimicrobial, PQ-20 R-T-U Wood Preservative, Boxlife-C, Decco WT-53, and Freshgard 25. Storage boxes should be treated after use in the summer months prior to fall harvest. Whether or not the storage boxes are treated with a disinfectant, air drying the boxes outside the storage facility during the warm summer months will promote desiccation and death of organisms on them.
|
Table 15.4.1 Nonpathogenic disorders |
|||
|
Crop(s) |
Disorder |
Management |
Recommendation |
|
Cabbage |
Internal tipburn |
Variety selection, Irrigation |
Tipburn is caused
by inadequate supply of calcium in one or more of the leaves. Maintain
uniform soil moisture to prevent moisture stress. Some varieties have been
shown to be tipburn tolerant. |
|
Cabbage |
Black petiole |
Variety selection, fertility |
Black petiole
may be associated with high levels of phosphorus and corresponding low levels
of potassium. |
|
Cabbage |
Pepper spot or black speck |
Variety selection |
Spot or spec may
be caused by high rates of fertilizer, cultural conditions promoting vigorous
growth, and temperature fluctuations. High rates of potassium have been shown
to reduce severity. |
|
Broccoli |
Buttoning |
Transplant size |
Large or old broccoli plants and those
grown at low temperatures (55° to 60°F) are likely to button after field
setting. For early spring planting, choose only small, hardy transplants with
no more than four to five true leaves. |
|
Cauliflower Cabbage |
Bolting |
Variety selection |
Bolting can occur if the early planted
crop is subjected to ten or more continuous days of temperatures between 35°
and 50°F. The sensitivity to bolting is variety dependent. |
|
Broccoli |
Premature flowering |
Irrigation |
Premature flowering is usually attributed
to periods of hot weather immediately before heads are harvested; however,
high temperatures (>90°F) seven to eight weeks after seeding have a
greater influence on the tendency to flower than high temperatures the week
before harvest. Irrigation during high temperatures could reduce potential
loss. |
15.5
Disease Management
15.5.1
Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria spp.
Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Alternaria species cause distinct brown to black circular spots with concentric rings (target spot). Initial symptoms are pinpoint brown to black circular spots on leaf or stem surfaces. See References 1 and 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for
Alternaria leaf spot. Record the occurrence and severity of Alternaria. No
thresholds are available. Be aware of the presence of flea beetles. Research has
shown that flea beetles can spread this disease. |
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
Crown Hybrid, Rolto, and Rona have shown tolerance to this
disease. |
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds
which include wild mustard and wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant
waste has been dumped. |
||||||
|
Site selection |
Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near
those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of
pathogens from old to young plants. |
||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Plant treated and/or certified seed. Hot water treatment
reduces the inoculum on seeds and is necessary only with infested seed lots. Soak
Chinese cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower seed for 20 minutes in 122°F
water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce
germination and vigor and may not eradicate the pathogen from heavily
infested lots. |
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
||||||
|
Sanitation |
See Section 15.4 Storage. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
boscalid |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Endura
70 WDG |
6-9 oz |
0 |
12 |
12-17 |
Do not make more than 2 applications per season of this
Group 7 fungicide. |
|
|
chlorothalonil |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Bravo,
Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal |
1.5 pt |
7 |
12 |
33 |
Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for
shortened reentry interval on label. |
|
|
pyraclostrobin |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Cabrio
EG |
12-16
oz |
0 |
12 |
5-6 |
No aerial
application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential
applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of
action (other than Group 11). |
|
15.5.2
Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris
Time for concern: Planting through harvest
Key characteristics: Seedlings and older plants exhibit yellow, V-shaped lesions at leaf margins. See References 1, 2, and 3.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Examine seedbeds, greenhouse transplants and production
fields weekly for black rot. Record the occurrence and severity of black rot.
No thresholds have been established. |
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
Many varieties have some level of tolerance to black rot.
See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties. |
||||||
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds
which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant
waste has been dumped. |
||||||
|
Site selection |
Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near
those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of
pathogens from old to young plants. |
||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Direct field seeding is recommended. Plant treated and/or
certified seed. Hot water treatment reduces the bacterial populations. Soak
broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in 122°F
water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may reduce
germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily infested
lots. Planting clean seed is the most effective means of controlling black
rot. Seed can be tested by contacting the Georgia Department of Agriculture,
Plant Industry Division, Capital Square, Albany, GA 30344. |
||||||
|
Cultivation |
If disease develops, do not cultivate or spray until
foliage is dry. Clean equipment thoroughly after it is used in fields with
this disease. |
||||||
|
Transplants |
To avoid spread of the bacteria, do not clip oversized
transplants. |
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop
debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of
disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition. Cabbage harvested with black rot should not
be placed into storage. |
||||||
|
Sanitation |
See
Section 15.4 Storage. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
copper compounds |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Champ
F or OLF |
0.33 – 0.66 pt |
0 |
24 |
5-10 |
Label
amount required varies with manufacturer and formulation. Copper compounds are unable to control
disease when wet weather is persistent. |
|
15.5.3
Black leg, seed decay, Phoma lingam
Time for concern: Seed
Key characteristics: Black leg causes dark, sunken cankers at the base of the stem or light brown circular leaf spots. Look for black, speck size, pycnidia on cankers and spots. See References 1 and 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence and severity of black leg. No
thresholds are available. |
|||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum four years without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds
which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer plant
waste has been dumped. |
|||||||
|
Site selection |
Land for seedbeds and late-season crops should not be near
those fields used for early-season crops to minimize the movement of
pathogens from old to young plants. |
|||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Plant seed treated with captan or thiram. Hot water
treatment kills the black leg fungi and is necessary only on infected seed
lots. Soak broccoli, cauliflower, and Chinese cabbage seed for 20 minutes in
122°F water, 25 minutes for Brussels sprouts and cabbage. This treatment may
reduce germination and vigor and may not eradicate the disease from heavily
infested lots. |
|||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
|||||||
|
Sanitation |
See Section 15.4 Storage. |
|||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
|
iprodione |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Rovral
50 WP 0.5 lb/lb |
2 lb |
0 |
24 |
11 |
For use on broccoli
only. Apply at 2 - 4 leaf stage. Do not make more than 2 applications per
crop (Group 2 fungicide). |
|
|
|
|
Rovral
4F 4 lb/gal |
2 pt |
0 |
24 |
9 |
|
||
15.5.4
Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae
Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Large spindle-shaped galls
appear on roots; yellowing and wilting occurs on the aboveground portion. See
References 1 and 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Examine seedbeds and production fields weekly for
clubroot. Record the occurrence of clubroot. No thresholds are available. |
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
The clubbed roots disintegrate and contaminate the soil
with resting spores for seven to ten years or longer. Minimum seven years
without crucifer crops or cruciferous weeds which include wild mustard and
wild radish. Avoid fields where crucifer plant wasted has been dumped. |
||||||
|
Site selection |
Land should be selected that has not produced cruciferous
crops for seven years or longer. |
||||||
|
Soil management |
Adjust soil pH to 6.8 with ground limestone to manage clubroot.
Broadcast and incorporate at least 1500 pounds per acre of hydrated lime at
least six weeks before planting. The final pH should be about 7.2. Hydrated
lime should be added each year unless the soil pH exceeds 7.5. |
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
||||||
|
Sanitation |
See Section 15.4 Storage. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
PCNB |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Terraclor
75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
2 lb/100 gal |
— |
12 |
53 |
Transplant
solution. Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
|
|
Terraclor
75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
30 lb |
— |
12 |
788 |
In-furrow.
Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
|
|
Terraclor
75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
40 lb |
— |
12 |
1050 |
Broadcast.
Do not use liquid Terraclor. |
|
15.5.5
Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica
Time for concern: Seedling through harvest
Key characteristics: Small, yellow leaf spots turn brown with blue or black lace-like markings. Vascular tissue is discolored. In moist weather, look for white downy mold on leaf underside. See References 1 and 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence and severity of downy mildew. No
thresholds have been established. |
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years without crucifer crops or cruciferous
weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer
plant waste has been dumped. |
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
||||||
|
Sanitation |
See Section 15.4 Storage. |
||||||
|
Site selection and Seed
selection/treatment |
These are not currently viable management options. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
chlorothalonil |
|||||||
|
|
Bravo,
Equus or OLF 6 lb/gal |
1.5 pt |
7 |
12 |
33 |
Note eye wash requirement and reduced seasonal amounts for
shortened reentry interval on label. |
|
|
copper compounds |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Champ
F or OLF |
0.33 – 0.66 pt |
0 |
24 |
5-10 |
Label amount required varies with manufacturer and
formulation. |
|
|
fosetyl-Al |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Aliette
WDG 0.8 lb/lb |
2-5 lb |
3 |
12 |
18-45 |
|
|
|
maneb |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Maneb
75DF 0.75 lb/lb |
1.5-2 lb |
7 |
24 |
24-32 |
|
|
|
mefenoxam + chlorothalonil |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Ridomil
Gold Bravo |
1.5 lb |
7 |
48 |
40 |
|
|
|
pyraclostrobin |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Cabrio
EG |
12-16
oz |
0 |
12 |
5-6 |
No aerial
application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential
applications before alternating to a fungicide with a different mode of
action. |
|
15.5.6
Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum
Time for concern: Planting through harvest
Key characteristics: Fusarium yellows causes a sickly, dwarfed, yellow appearance and leaf drop, with vascular tissue browning on affected sides of leaves and plants. Leaves often are twisted, with one-sided yellowing. Oldest leaves are usually affected first. See References 1 and 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence and severity of Fusarium yellows. No
thresholds have been established. |
|
Resistant varieties |
Resistant varieties are the most effective means of
controlling this disease. See Section 15.1 Recommended Varieties. |
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum seven years without crucifer crops or cruciferous
weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Avoid fields where crucifer
plant waste has been dumped. |
|
Site selection |
Select fields that have not had crucifers for seven years
or more. |
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
initiate decomposition |
|
Sanitation |
See Section 15.4 Storage. |
|
Seed selection/treatment |
This
is not a currently viable management option. |
|
Compound(s) |
No
pesticides are available to manage this disease. |
15.5.7
Head rot of broccoli, Pseudomonas spp.
Time for concern: Heading to harvest
Key characteristics: Head rot begins as water-soaked florets that become malodorous and soft-rotted if head maturation coincides with periods of prolonged, wet weather.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Tight heads and doming are important horticultural
characteristics for lessening bacterial head rot. Record the occurrence and
severity of head rot. No thresholds have been established. |
|
Resistant varieties |
Shogun, Green Defender, and Pirate are less susceptible to
head rot than other varieties but may be lacking in other horticultural
qualities. |
|
Irrigation |
Avoid excessive irrigation. |
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum two years without cruciferous crops or cruciferous
weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. |
|
Site selection |
Select land with good air movement and favorable soil
moisture. |
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
|
Sanitation |
Clean
all tools used during harvest. Avoid entering fields when plants are wet. |
|
Seed selection/treatment |
This
is not a currently viable management option. |
|
Compound(s) |
No pesticides are labeled to manage this disease. |
15.5.8 Root
rot, caused primarily by Pythium ultimum
and Rhizoctonia solani
Time for concern: At
planting and early growth stages.
Key characteristics: Depending on the time of onset, infection by these organisms may appear as seed decay, seedling damping-off, or root rot. Rhizoctonia infections may also result in wire-stem symptoms as well as foliar blight symptoms on top of the head and the outer leaves. Leaf margins discolor red to purple, and leaves die beginning at the tip and progressing toward the stem. Plants may wilt, and gray-brown lesions may appear on stem and lower leaves at the soil surface. See Reference 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence and severity of root rot. No thresholds
have been established. |
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years out of vegetables |
||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Plant disease-free seed that has been treated with fungicides
(Apron+Maxim). |
||||||
|
Site selection |
Plant on well-drained and light-textured soils. |
||||||
|
Postharvest |
If tillage system in use permits, crop debris should be
destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of inoculum for other plantings
and to initiate decomposition. |
||||||
|
Sanitation |
This
is not currently a viable management option. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
mefenoxam |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ridomil
Gold EC or OLF |
1-2 pt |
— |
48 |
14-28 |
Used for control of Pythium damping-off at 0.25-0.5 pt/A.
Do not dip plants in Ridomil solution or crop injury may occur. |
|
|
PCNB |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Terraclor
75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
15-20 lb/50+gal water |
— |
12 |
394-525 |
Broadcast application. PCNB is used to control Rhizoctonia
wire-stem. |
|
|
|
Terraclor
75% WP or OLF 0.75 lb/lb |
10-15 lb/35gal water |
— |
12 |
263-394 |
Row application. PCNB
is used to control Rhizoctonia wire-stem. |
|
15.5.9
Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum
Time for concern: Head formation through harvest
Key characteristics: Sclerotinia white mold causes bleached, water-soaked spots that enlarge to irregular-shaped areas that become covered with fluffy, white mold. Look for black sclerotia on and in diseased parts. See References 1, 2, and 4.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence and severity of Sclerotinia white
mold. No thresholds have been established. |
|
||||||
|
Note(s) |
Avoid mechanical damage to plants. Avoid weedy fields infested with ragweed
and velvetleaf. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years without crucifer crops, susceptible
weeds (ragweed and velvetleaf), or other susceptible crops, such as beans and
carrots. Rotations with nonhosts such as grains and sweet corn are
recommended. Avoid fields where crucifer plant waste has been dumped. |
|
||||||
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Site selection |
Select fields with good air and water drainage. Avoid
weedy fields. |
|
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after
harvest to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
|
||||||
|
Sanitation |
See
Section 15.4 Storage. |
|
||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
This
is not a currently viable management option. |
|
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
boscalid |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Endura
70 WDG |
6-9 oz |
0 |
12 |
6-17 |
For control of Sclerotinia stem rot. Do not make more than 2 applicatoins per
season of this Group 7 fungicide. |
||
|
Coniothyrium minitans |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Contans
WG |
2-4 lbs/50- 100 gals water |
0 |
4 |
|
Apply biofungicide at least 3 months prior to anticipated
white mold outbreak. Read label for details
of soil application and incorporation which is critical for performance. |
||
15.5.10
Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera
schachtii
Time for concern: Before and during planting
Key characteristics: Symptoms include stunted plants that result in small, loose heads. Roots branch excessively. The appearance of pearly-white, tan, or reddish bodies of female nematodes is common on the root surface. See Reference 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Record the occurrence of sugar beet cyst nematodes. The
damaging level is six to nine eggs per cubic centimeter (cc) of soil. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three years without crucifer crops, beets, or
cruciferous weeds which include wild radish and wild mustard. Rotations with
nonhosts such as alfalfa and sweet corn are better than rotations with
soybean or wheat. |
|
||||||
|
Site selection |
Choose soil in good tilth, without recent history of beet
or cabbage production and/or analyze for the presence of the nematode by
collecting a representative soil sample. |
|
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after
harvest to stop further development of the nematode on roots and to initiate
decomposition. |
|
||||||
|
Sanitation |
Control weeds in the cabbage and beet families, such as lambsquarter,
because they are also hosts to this nematode. |
|
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
fenamiphos |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
*Nemacur
15% G 0.15 lb/lb |
27-40 lbs |
— |
48 |
674-999 |
For use on cabbage and transplanted Brussels sprouts. |
||
|
*Restricted
use only. |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
15.6
Insect Management
15.6.1
Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum
Time for concern: April
through July
Key characteristics: The cabbage root maggot is a small, white, legless worm with a blunt end that grows about 1/4 inch in length. Look for brown tunnels in stems and roots. See www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
||||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
A degree-day model to predict the flight periods of
cabbage root maggot adults can help growers manage this pest. A detailed description of the flight
periods for your area can be obtained through the NYS IPM program’s Northeast
Weather Association. As a general
guide for conditions around Ontario County, adults from the overwintering
population first begin to emerge about May 1.
After this spring emergence, another generation of adults will have
its peak flight in mid to late June, another generation in the middle of
August and a final generation in early September. Another general guideline
for Ontario County for time of occurence is to note the flowering period for
some wild plants. Research has shown that Yellow Rocket roughly correlates
with the first brood adult emergence, Day Lily with the second brood, Canada
Thistle and Goldenrod with the third brood, and New England Aster with the
fourth brood. Growers may want to apply an insecticide if planting occurs
close to an adult peak. |
||||||||
|
Note(s) |
Cabbage maggot eggs can be killed if soil temperatures are
above 95°F for several days. During May and June, these temperatures will
often be reached unless soil moisture is high due to rains. |
||||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available, but all varieties
become more tolerant of injury after seedling stage. Broccoli and cauliflower
are more susceptible than cabbage or Brussels sprouts. |
||||||||
|
Spunbonded row covers |
Spunbonded row covers can control cabbage maggots. At time
of seeding, place in the field and seal the edges to keep cabbage maggots out.
The yields of late plantings may be reduced by row covers. It is important to
make use of crop rotation when using row covers. Otherwise, flies may emerge
under the row covers and damage the crop. |
||||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Rotation will help reduce root maggot populations. |
||||||||
|
Site selection |
Soils with high organic matter content will be more
problematic. |
||||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop
debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest to minimize the
spread of cabbage root maggots. |
||||||||
|
Sanitation |
This
is not a currently viable management option. |
||||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
||||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|||
|
chlorpyrifos |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Lorsban
15G 0.15 lb/lb |
4.6-9.2 oz/1000 ft |
7 (21 for cauliflower) |
24 (3 for caulif.) |
30-60 |
Apply to direct-seeded cabbage. There has been at least one documented case
of resistance to chlorpyrifos in Suffolk County. |
|||
|
|
*Lorsban
4E 4 lb/gal |
1.6-2.75 oz/1000 ft |
|
24 (3 for caulif.) |
30-60 |
||||
|
Diazinon |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Diazinon
500 AG |
2-3 qt |
21-cabbage 7-broccoli 7-cauliflower 7-Br. Sp. |
24 |
83-125 |
Field
seedbed use only. Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. |
|||
|
*
Restricted use only. |
|
|
|||||||
15.6.2
Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata
and P. cruciferae
Time for concern: Cotyledon, seedling, and mature head
Key characteristics: Flea beetles are shiny and black, about 1/16 inch long, and jump when disturbed; they chew tiny holes in foliage. See www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation | ||||||