3: TMV = Tobacco mosaic virus; L = low, M = moderate, and H = high level of tolerance to pest. When disease tolerance for a particular variety is unknown, line is left blank.

4: Phytophthora resistant

22.2 Planting Methods

Peppers are relatively slow to emerge and need protection from soilborne diseases. Use a sterilized growing medium and seed treated with a suitable fungicide. The daytime temperature for producing transplants should be about 75°F and nighttime temperature about 65°F. Flats with 72 to 128 cells are commonly used. A two inch by two inch cell size is recommended for early production.

Plants are usually set in the field when they are six to eight weeks old and four to eight inches tall. A few days at 60° to 65°F or reduced water application will help to harden the plants and prevent transplant shock. Overhardened plants will grow slowly in the field. Transplants should not be set in the field until the danger of hard frost is past, usually after mid-May. Growers using row covers and those on Long Island may plant seven to ten days earlier. The use of black plastic mulch with drip irrigation and double rows can greatly increase yields and quality, provide weed control without herbicides, and reduce disease pressure because the fruit and foliage are not wetted as with sprinkler irrigation.

Table 22.2.1 Recommended spacing.

Row type	Row(in inches)	In-row(In inches)
Single	48-60	12
Double	15¹	14-18

1: Center to center beds should be 5-6’ apart. Plants should be staggered.

22.3 Fertility

Use lime to maintain a pH of 6.0 to 6.5. Starter solution may be beneficial. See Tables 22.3.1 and 22.3.2 for the recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Table 22.3.1 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests for transplants in plastic mulch with fertigation.
N pounds/acre	P₂O₅ pounds/acre			K₂O pounds/acre			Comments
	Soil Phosphorus Level			Soil Potassium Level
	low	med.	high	low	med.	high
125	150	100	75	150	100	75	*Total recommended*

50	75	25	0	75	25	0	Broadcast and disk-in.
15	15	15	15	15	15	15	Apply 1 week after transplanting and every 3 weeks for 5 applications.

Table 22.3.2 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests for transplants in bare ground.
N pounds/acre	P₂O₅ pounds/acre			K₂O pounds/acre			Comments
	Soil Phosphorus Level			Soil Potassium Level
	low	med.	high	low	med.	high
90-150	150	100	50	150	100	50	*Total recommended*

50	150	100	50	150	100	50	Broadcast and disk-in.¹
40-50	0	0	0	0	0	0	Apply when first clusters set fruit²
40-50	0	0	0	0	0	0	Apply only on light soils or in seasons with heavy rains.

1: If equipment is available, apply half of the phosphorus and potassium in bands 4” deep and 4” from the row at planting or drill deeply

after plowing.

2: Nitrogen can be applied as a split application. Apply half at fruit set and the rest when fruit are 1” in diameter.

22.4 Harvesting

Bell peppers are harvested by hand usually at the green stage but after fruit reach full size and walls are thick and firm. Peppers may be picked twice per week during the peak harvest period. The demand for colored peppers has increased, which requires two to four weeks additional growing time. Increased attention to insects and diseases is required in the production of mature, colored fruit.

Peppers are often washed after harvest. Water temperature should be close to that of the fruit, and never more than

10°F cooler, to prevent movement of bacteria into the stem

end of the fruit. Chlorinated water should be used. Peppers are often waxed to prevent moisture loss and scuffing damage.

Bell peppers and fresh hot and novelty peppers are best stored at 50° to 54°F and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity. Chilling injury occurs at temperatures below 45°F, and damage may occur even below 50°F, depending on variety and other factors. Bell peppers may be stored two to three weeks if handled properly. Dried hot peppers are stored at 32° to 38°F.

Table 23.3 Nonpathogenic disorders.
Disorder	Management Option	Recommendation
Blossom-end rot	Irrigation, variety	Occurs when soil moisture has become deficient after a period of abundant moisture. Maintain optimum soil moisture.
Poor fruit set	Variety	Nighttime temperatures below 60°F or above 75°F affect fruit setting adversely, and blossom drop is common during periods of abnormally cool or hot weather
Sunscald	Maintain foliage	Caused by intense sunlight on fruit. Maintain foliage and take care when harvesting to avoid breaking-off branches.
Lodging	Stake, variety	Heavy fruit load on sandy soil. In some areas related to Fusarium and dry, hot conditions.

22.5 Disease Management

22.5.1 Anthracnose fruit rot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. capsici, and C. coccodes

Time for concern: Called ripe fruit disease, as symptoms appear when fruit turn red or final mature color.

Key characteristics: This organism affects both green and ripe fruit, but symptoms usually do not appear until fruit turn red.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	Begin sprays as first fruit ripens and follow a seven- to ten-day interval.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation	Follow a minimum two-year rotation out of solanaceous crops.
Seed selection/treatment	The pathogens can be seedborne in pepper.
Postharvest, Site selection, Sanitation	Currently not a viable management option.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
azoxystrobin
	Quadris F	6.2-15.4 fl oz	0	4	1-3	Do not apply more than 1 sequential foliar application of these products or other strobilurin before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action. Do not spray these products where spray drift may reach apple trees or use same sprayer to apply sprays to apple trees.
	Amistar 80 WDG	2-5 oz	0	4	2-4
famoxadone + cymoxanil
	Tanos 50 DF	8-10 oz	3	12	3	Do not make more than one application of Tanos before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (other than group 11 fungicide). Tanos must be tank-mixed with a contact fungicide such as maneb, using at least the minimum labeled rate of maneb.
maneb
	Maneb 75DF 0.75 lb/lb	1.5-3 lb	7	24	24-48
	Manex 4 lb/gal	1.2-2.4 qt	7	24	19-38
pyraclostrobin
	Cabrio EG	8-12 oz	0	12		No aerial application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications of Cabrio (Group 11) before alternating to a labeled fungicide with a different mode of action.

22.5.2 Bacterial leaf spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Time for concern: From seeding to harvest

Key characteristics: Necrotic spots may appear on leaves, stems, and fruits. Symptoms first appear on the undersides of leaves as small, water-soaked spots that grow up to 1/4 inch in diameter, turn dark brown, and become raised. Eventually, the leaves yellow and fall off, increasing the chance for sunscald. Fruits develop raised, scablike spots. See Reference 1.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			No thresholds are available. If plants have been exposed to high relative humidity (greater than 85 percent) for a few hours over several days, the pathogen can produce disease symptoms. Spraying should begin at this time and continue on a three to five day schedule.
Resistant varieties			Plant resistant varieties. See Section 23.1 Recommended Varieties. These varieties have the hypersensitive gene, meaning that localized plant infection under high disease pressure can still result in some marginal necrosis and small lesions. Varieties without this resistance would be defoliated.
Crop rotation			Minimum two year rotation away from tomato and pepper crops.
Seed selection/treatment			Plant disease-free, certified seed. If bacterial diseases are a major concern, dip seed in a solution containing one quart of bleach plus four quarts of water plus 1/2 teaspoon of surfactant for one minute. Provide constant agitation. Use at a rate of one gallon of solution per pound of seed. Prepare a fresh solution for each batch of seed. Wash seed with running water for five minutes, dry thoroughly, and treat with thiram.
Transplants			When using southern produced transplants, make sure they are disease-free and certified. Field sprays should begin shortly after transplanting and be repeated every seven to ten days or more frequently if rain and warm temperatures occur.
*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate decomposition.
Site selection and Sanitation			These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
copper compounds
	Champ or OLF	1.3-2 pt		0	12/24 (see label)	19-29	Label varies with manufacturer and formulation.
copper compounds + maneb
	##Fixed copper + Maneb 75DF or OLF	1 lb ai + 1.5 lb		7	24	43-64	##2(ee) recommendation. Grower must have a copy of this recommendation in their possession when applying these materials.
	##Fixed copper + Manex	1 lb ai + 1.2 qt		7	24	14-16
famoxadone + cymoxanil
	Tanos 50 DF	8-10 oz		3	12	3	For suppression of Bacterial Spot. Do not make more than one application of Tanos (Groups 11 + 27) before alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (other than group 11 fungicide). Tanos must be tank-mixed with a contact fungicide such as copper, using at least the minimum labeled rate of copper.
Streptomycin sulfate
	Agri-mycin 17 or OLF	0.5 lb/ 50 gal		0	12		Begin application in the 2-3 leaf stage, and may be applied only prior to transplanting. Not for use in the field.

22.5.3 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora

Time for concern: During fruit development, at harvest, and during transit.

Key characteristics: Frequently begins in the peduncle and calyx tissues or through wounds anywhere on the fruit. European corn borer feeding causes such wounds.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	No thresholds are available. Monitor European corn boxer flights.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection	Avoid planting near corn fields.
Transplants	When using southern transplants, be sure they are certified. If they are not, return them. Transplants can be inspected and rejected by a New York State Agriculture and Markets inspector. There is no charge for this service. Begin sprays shortly after transplanting and repeat every seven to ten days if rain and warm temperatures occur.
Postharvest	The addition of chlorine in postharvest wash treatments can prevent the spread of decaying bacteria by killing the organism on contact. See Section 10.1 in the Postharvest Handling chapter.
Sanitation, Crop rotation, and Seed selection/ treatment	These are currently not viable management options.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage bacterial soft rot.

22.5.4 Damping-off caused by Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani

Time for concern: At seeding or transplanting.

Key characteristics: Seedlings fail to emerge or collapse in the small seedling stage.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection, Seed selection/ treatment			These soilborne fungi are commonly enhanced by undecomposed organic matter in soil and high soil moisture. Use fungicide treated seed and sterilize reused flats.
Planting mix			For maximum control use disease-free, synthetic planting mix. If planting mix is not used, pretreat seedbed with Vapam.
Crop rotation, Post-harvest, and Sanitation			These are currently not viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
metam-sodium
	Vapam HL 4.26 lb/gal	0.75 qt/100 ft²		0	48	49

22.5.5 Nematodes (Primarily Northern root-knot nematode)

Time for concern: Before and after planting. Long term planning is needed for sustainable management.

Key characteristics: Severely infested plants with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) are stunted and exhibit knotted roots.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Thresholds are not available. Record the occurence and severity of nematode infection and soil infestation and map hot spots.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation			Long rotations (minimum of three years) with grain crops are the most practical means of control for root-knot nematode.
Site selection			Root-knot nematode is most damaging in sandy soils and soils of poor health.
Seed selection/treatment, Postharvest, and Sanitation			These are currently not viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
oxamyl
	†*Vydate L 2 lb/gal	2 pt		7	48	12	Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties. Use with 200 gallons of transplant water if populations are high. Can be supplemented with a foliar application 14 days after transplanting. Additional foliar applications can be made at 7-14 day intervals.
*Restricted use only.		† Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties

22.5.6 Phytophthora blight, Phytophthora capsici

Time for concern: July and August

Key characteristics: Phytophthora may attack the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit. Sudden wilting and death occur as plants reach the fruiting stage. Stem lesions occur at the soil line and at any level on the stem. Stems discolor internally and collapse. Leaves show small, dark green spots that enlarge and become bleached. Fruit develop dark, water-soaked patches that become coated with white mold and spores. See Reference 2.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	This disease starts in low areas of a field after heavy rains and spreads to surrounding plants. No thresholds have been established.
Irrigation	Overhead irrigation should be discontinued if the disease is present.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation	Minimum three year rotation away from peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, or cucurbits.
Site selection	Avoid poorly drained fields.
Ridges	Plant on a ridge or a raised, dome-shaped bed to provide better soil drainage. Raised beds should be used only with trickle irrigation.
Seed selection/treatment	Plant disease-free seed.
Postharvest and Sanitation	These are not currently viable management options.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
copper compounds
	##Cuprofix Disperss ##Cuprofix Ultra 40 ##Champion ##Champ F ##Kocide 4.5 LF, ##Kocide DF ,##Kocide 2000	2.5-6 lb 1.25-3 lb 2-3 lb 1.3-2 pt 1.3-2 pt 2-3 lb 1.5-2.25 lb	0 0 0 0 0 0 0	24 24 24 24 24 24 24	29-70 34-82 59-89 19-29 19-29 47-71 31-47	##2(ee) Tank-mix one of the listed copper compounds with Forum (Group 15) or Tanos (Groups 11 + 27). Products many be used in alternation with other fungicides that also have specific activity for oomycetes, including Phytophthora capsici.
dimethomorph
	Acrobat 50 WP Forum SC	6.4 oz 6.0 oz	0 0	12 12	5 4	Acrobat or Forum (Group 15) are for suppression only. Do not use less than 20 gallons of water per acre to obtain thorough coverage.
famoxadone + cymoxanil
	Tanos 50 DF	8-10 oz	3	12	3	For suppression of foliar and fruit phase only. Tanos (Groups 11 + 27) must be tank-mixed with a protectant fungicide labeled for control, which include copper and maneb. Do not make more than one application before alternating to a fungicide with different mode of action.
maneb
	Maneb 75DF 0.75 lb/lb	1.5-3 lb	7	24	24-48
	Manex 4 lb/gal	1.2-2.4 qt	7	24	19-38
mefenoxam
	Ridomil Gold EC or OLF	1 pt	7	48	14	Apply broadcast surface application prior to planting or in 12 to 16" bands over the row at the time of transplanting. Follow with 2 directed sprays at plant base at 30 day intervals. If plastic mulch is used, apply through the drip irrigation system.
	Ultra Flourish	1 qt	7	48	7
mefenoxam + copper
	Ridomil Gold Copper	2.5 lb	7	48	54	For prevention of the stem and fruit rot phase, use at 10-14 day intervals.
potassium phosphite
	ProPhyt or OLF	4 pt/ 100 gal	0	4		Apply to transplants prior to transplanting or apply 5 fl oz/1000 ft row as in-furrow drench at planting. Reapply as weekly foliar application at 6 pt/A beginning 2 weeks after planting.

22.5.7 Seed rot and damping-off

Time for concern: Greenhouse seeding operation

Key characteristics: Young seedlings affected prior to emergence above the soil or later as decay of the hyocotyl near the soil line.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Seed selection/treatment	Seeds should have thiram treatment and then be sown into sterile soil mix.
Postharvest, Crop rotation, Site selection, and Sanitation	These are currently not viable management options.

22.5.8 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids

Time for concern: Any time after transplanting.

Key characteristics: Symptoms can be transitory and often appear on lower leaves as ring-spot patterns. Sometimes plants adjacent to ring-spotted plants display a moderate mosaic pattern and have a dull appearance. See Reference 3.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	No acceptable level of tolerance is available in any commercial variety.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Crop rotation, Site selection, Seed selection/ treatment, and Postharvest	These are currently not viable management options.
Sanitation	Eliminate weeds for 150 feet around the field, especially common milkweed, marchcress, and yellow-rocket. This should be done before the crop is established.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage CMV.

22.5.9 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) transmitted by thrips

Time for concern: Seeding in greenhouse and following transplanting to field.

Key characteristics: TSWV causes sudden yellowing and browning of young leaves which later become necrotic. Fruit formed after infection develops large, necrotic blotches. See Reference 3.

*Management Option*	*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds	No thresholds are available.
Resistant varieties	No resistant varieties are available.
Site selection	This disease commonly occurs in greenhouses where ornamentals and potted plants are grown. Grow pepper transplants in greenhouses separate from these contaminating sources.
Seed selection/treatment, Crop rotation, and Postharvest	These are currently not viable management options.
Sanitation	When possible, eliminate weeds near the crop.
Compound(s)	No pesticides are available to manage TSWV.

22.6 Insect Management

22.6.1 Aphids, Primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae

Time for concern: June 15 through harvest (Damage may be greater during dry, warm periods.)

Key characteristics: Green peach adult aphids can be green, pink, red, or dark brown. They have wings and range in length from 1/32 to 1/16 inch. They can be found exclusively on the undersides of leaves.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites throughout the field. Treatment should begin before the population exceeds 5 nymphs/leaf.
Natural enemies			Naturally occurring predators, parasitoids, and pathogens help suppress aphid infestations. Use Reference 4 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies. Increases in aphid infestations are sometimes associated with applications of insecticides that have killed natural enemies.
Note(s)			Aphid populations may decline during periods of heavy rainfall.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available.
Postharvest			Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest.
Sanitation			Destroy weeds around the field.
Crop rotation, Site selection, and Seed selection/treatment			These are not currently viable management options.
Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
acetamiprid
	Assail 30SG 0.3 lb/lb	2.0-4.0 oz		7	12	1-2
imidacloprid
	*Admire Pro 4.6 lbs/gal	7.0-10.5 fl oz		21	12	7-10	Do not use as a foliar spray
	*Provado 1.6F 1.6 lb/gal	3.75 fl oz		0	12	1
acephate
	Orthene 97 0.97 lb/lb	0.5 lb		7	24	11	For use on non-bell peppers only. Do not exceed 2 pounds a.i. per acre per season.
dimethoate
	Dimethoate 400 4 lb/gal	0.5-0.67 pt		0	48	16-22	Peppers may be harvested mechanically day of application.
endosulfan
	*Thionex 3EC 3 lb/gal	0.67 qt		1	24	19
methomyl
	*Lannate LV 2.4 lb/gal	1.5-3 pt		3	48	13-27
oxydemeton-methyl
	*MSR 2 lb/gal	1 qt		3	48	38
pymetrozine
	Fulfill 0.5lb/lb	2.75 oz		0	12	2	Apply when aphids first appear but before populations build to damaging levels. Do not exceed 5.5 oz/A per season. Allow 7 days between applications.
*Restricted use only.

22.6.2 European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis

Time for concern: mid-July through early August

Key characteristics: Eggs are laid in scale-like masses on the undersides of leaves and fruit. The larvae are gray with rows of brown spots. The head capsule is dark brown. Larvae are 3/4 inch long when fully developed. The adult is a yellowish/reddish brown moth, about one inch in length. See References 5 and 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.

*Management Option*			*Recommendation*
Scouting/thresholds			Insecticide treatments should coincide with peaks in adult activity as determined by pheromone or light traps. No thresholds have been established. Do not spray before fruit begins to form.
Natural enemies			A variety of natural enemies help suppress ECB infestations including predatory lady beetles, minute pirate bugs and lacewings, and fly and wasp parasitoids. Bird predation can also be important. Use Reference 4 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural enemies.
Resistant varieties			No resistant varieties are available. However, damage is usually more severe on bell peppers than hot peppers.
Site selection			Locate pepper fields as far away as possible from corn.
Postharvest			Destruction of pepper residue and plowing in the fall can destroy a large percentage of overwintering larvae. However, this is only helpful if peppers are grown in the same field the following year and there are no nearby corn fields.
Sanitation			Eliminate weeds around field edges because they often serve as breeding sites.
Crop rotation and Seed selection/treatment			These are not currently viable management options.
Common name		Rate/A		PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product		(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
acephate
	Orthene 97 0.97 lb/lb	0.75-1 lb		7	24	17-23	For use on non-bell peppers only. Do not exceed 2 pounds a.i. per acre per season.
bifenthrin
	*Capture 2EC 2 lb/gal	2.1-6.4 fl oz		7	12	3-9
cyfluthrin
	*Baythroid 2 2 lb/gal	1.6-2.8 fl oz		7	12	1-2
indoxacarb
	Avaunt 0.3 lb/lb	3.5 oz		3	12		For best results begin applications following two applications of an organophosphate insecticide.
lambda-cyhalothrin
	*Warrior 1 lb/gal	2.56-3.84 fl oz		5	12	<1-1
spinosad
	SpinTor 2SC 2 lb/gal	3-6 fl oz		1	4	<1-2	Do not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop
	Entrust 0.8 lb/lb	1-2 oz		1	4	<1-2	Do not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop
zeta-cypermethrin
	*Mustang MAX 0.8 lb/gal	2.24-4 fl oz		1	12	<1
*Restricted use only.

22.7 Weed Management

Key characteristics: Weed fact sheets provide a good color reference for common weed identification. See Reference 7. See Chapter 4 for information on scouting/thresholds, site selection, cultivation, and banding of herbicides.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
preplant incorporated
napropamide (annual grasses and selected broadleaves)
	Devrinol 50-DF 0.5 lb/lb	2-4 lb		12	13-25	Apply and incorporate shallowly, not more than 2"", before seeding. Use lower rate on sandy soil. Caution: this herbicide is just as persistent as atrazine. Read label for restrictions on rotational crops.
trifluralin (grasses and many broadleaves, except ragweed, galinsoga species, and mustard)
	Treflan HFP 4 lb/gal	1-2 pt		12	13-27	Transplants only. Use lower rate on sandy soils. Incorporate 2"" within a few hours of spraying. Exceeding recommended dosages may cause severe stunting.
preplant incorporate or preemergence
bensulide (annual grasses, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters)
	Prefar 4-E 4 lb/gal	5-6 qt		12	120-144	Irrigate immediately after application. Crop rotation for nonlabeled crops is 120 days.
preemergence
clomazone (annual grasses and selected broadleaf weeds, e.g. velvetleaf))
	Command 3ME 3 lb/gal	0.67-2.67 pt		12	3-10	DO NOT use on banana peppers. DO NOT apply to soil that that will be covered by plastic mulch. Apply only as a preemergent soil applied treatment prior to transplanting. Place roots of transplants below the chemical barrier when planting. Residual carryover of Command 3ME may injure fall-planted wheat or rye crops. See label for additional rotational restrictions.
pre and post transplant
s-metolachlor (annual grasses, yellow nutsedge, galinsoga, selected broadleaves, i.e. redroot pigweed, and nightshade species)
	*† Dual Magnum 7.62 lb/gal	0.5-1 pt		24	12-18	See comments below
NOT FOR USE IN NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES. Apply pretransplant surface (not incorporated) or post-transplant within 48-72 hours. Grower experience suggests that postemergence applications to peppers grown on plastic may cause significant crop injury if rain/irrigation is sufficient to wash product into the holes around the transplants. Syngenta has created a new means of acquiring the indemnification required when using Dual Magnum on the vegetable crops registered on New York State’s multi-crop 24(c) Special Local Need (SLN) supplemental label. The required product label and indemnification can only be obtained through the “special labels” link found at www.farmassist.com and must be obtained by the ‘end-user’. If difficulties are encountered in using the website call the Syngenta Customer Resource Center at 866-796-4368.

Compound(s)
Common name		Rate/A	PHI	REI	Field
	Trade name	Product	(days)	(hours)	Use EIQ	Comments
preemergence or postemergence to weeds
halosulfuron (Preemergence applications: galinsoga, lambsquarters, mustard/radish species, redroot pigweed, ragweed, velvetleaf. Yellow nutsedge is suppressed but not controlled. Postemergence applications: yellow nutsedge, galinsoga, redroot pigweed, mustard/radish species, ragweed, velvetleaf)
	Sandea	0.5-1 oz	30	12	<1	May be applied only to row middles. No more than 2 oz/Acre may be applied per season.
clethodim (annual and perennial grasses)
	*Select 2EC 2 lb/gal	6 - 8 fl. oz.	20	24	2	For control of numerous annual and perennial grasses. DO NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz. of Select 2EC (0.5 lb ai) per acre per season. DO NOT apply more than 8 fl. oz. per application. Application on LONG ISLAND is restricted to no more than 16 fl. oz. of Select 2EC (0.25 lb ai) per acre per season. Always use a crop oil concentrate at 1% V/V in the finished spray volume.
sethoxydim (annual grasses)
	Poast 1.5 lb/gal	1.0-1.5 pt		12	5-7	Apply when grasses are actively growing. See label for specific stages of development and the use of oil adjuvants.
paraquat (nonselective)
	*Gramoxone Max 3.0 lb/gal	1.3-2.7 pt		12	12-25	Apply as a directed-shielded spray.
	*Gramoxone Inteon 2.5 lb/gal	2-4 pt		12	19-37	Apply as a directed-shielded spray.
postemergence - hooded row middle application
carfentrazone
	Aim EW 1.9 lb/gal	0.5-1.6 fl oz/ application	0	12	<1-5	May be used only as a hooded, row middle application. Sprayers must be designed to prevent ANY contact with the crop and may not be operated at more than 5 MPH. Special care must be taken when operating on uneven ground. See product label for additional precautions.
*Restricted use only.		†Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties

22.8 References

1 Zitter, T. A. 1985. Bacterial spot of pepper, p. 736.10. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Pepper. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

2 Zitter, T. A. 1989. Phytophthora blight of pepper and certain other vegetables, p. 736.20. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Pepper. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

3 Zitter, T. A., D. Florini, and R. Provvidenti. 1984. Virus diseases of pepper, p. 736.00. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Pepper. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

4 Hoffmann, M. P., and A. C. Frodsham. 1993. Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Cornell Cooperative Extension. 64 pp.

5 Andaloro, J. T., A. A. Muka, and R. W. Straub. 1983. European corn borer, p. 794.00. In Vegetable Crops: Insects of Corn. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.

6 Showers, W. B., J. F. Witkowski, C. E. Mason, D. D. Calvin, R. A. Higgins, and G. P. Dively. 1989. European Corn Borer: Development and Management. North Central Regional Extension Publication 327. 198 NCR Educational Materials Project, B-10 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011.

7 Pennsylvania State University. 1987. Weed identification, pp. 1-32. PA State University Cooperative Extension, University Park.

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