Chapter 22 Peppers
Contents
22.5.1 Anthracnose fruit rot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. capsici,
and C. coccodes
22.5.2 Bacterial leaf spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
22.5.3 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora
22.5.4 Damping-off caused by Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia
solani
22.5.5 Nematodes (Primarily
Northern root-knot nematode)
22.5.6 Phytophthora blight, Phytophthora capsici
22.5.7 Seed rot and damping-off
22.5.8 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
transmitted by aphids
22.5.9 Tomato spotted wilt virus
(TSWV) transmitted by thrips
22.6.1 Aphids, Primarily the green
peach aphid, Myzus persicae
22.1 Recommended
Varieties
Listed in approximate order of maturity within each type.
Pest
Tolerance
Type Mature
color1 BLS2 TMV3
Bell
Red Knight R 1,2,3 -
Merlin R - H
Conquest R ‑ -
King Arthur R 2 H
Ironsides R 1,2,3 -
Early Sunsation Y 1,2,3 -
Lexington R 1,2,3 -
Valencia O ‑ M
Lafayette Y 1,2,3 -
Aristotle R 1,2,3 -
Boynton Bell R 1,2,3 ‑
Bell Captain R ‑ M
Paladin4 R - -
X3R Aladdin Y 1,2,3 H
X3R Sir Galahad R 1,2,3 -
X3R Camelot R 1,2,3 H
X3R Wizard R 1,2,3 H
Legionaire R 1,2,3 -
Commandant R 1,2,3 H
Bell Tower R ‑ M
Frying
Key Largo O-R ‑ ‑
Cubanelle Y-O ‑ ‑
Sweet Banana Y-R ‑ ‑
Hot
Eastern Rocket Y-R - -
Surefire Y ‑ ‑
Hungarian Wax Y-R ‑ ‑
Jalapeno G-R ‑ ‑
Habanero G-O - -
1: G = green; O = orange; R =
red; Y = yellow
2: BLS = Bacterial leaf spot race
1, 2, or 3 resistant; when disease tolerance for a particular variety is
unknown, line is left blank.
3: TMV = Tobacco mosaic
virus; L = low, M = moderate, and H = high level of tolerance to pest. When
disease tolerance for a particular variety is unknown, line is left blank.
4: Phytophthora resistant
22.2
Planting Methods
Peppers are relatively slow to emerge and need protection from soilborne diseases. Use a sterilized growing medium and seed treated with a suitable fungicide. The daytime temperature for producing transplants should be about 75°F and nighttime temperature about 65°F. Flats with 72 to 128 cells are commonly used. A two inch by two inch cell size is recommended for early production.
Plants are usually set in the field when they are six to eight weeks old and four to eight inches tall. A few days at 60° to 65°F or reduced water application will help to harden the plants and prevent transplant shock. Overhardened plants will grow slowly in the field. Transplants should not be set in the field until the danger of hard frost is past, usually after mid-May. Growers using row covers and those on Long Island may plant seven to ten days earlier. The use of black plastic mulch with drip irrigation and double rows can greatly increase yields and quality, provide weed control without herbicides, and reduce disease pressure because the fruit and foliage are not wetted as with sprinkler irrigation.
Table 22.2.1 Recommended spacing.
|
Row type |
Row(in inches) |
In-row(In inches) |
|
Single |
48-60 |
12 |
|
Double |
151 |
14-18 |
1: Center to
center beds should be 5-6’ apart. Plants should be staggered.
22.3
Fertility
Use lime to maintain a pH of 6.0
to 6.5. Starter solution may be beneficial. See Tables 22.3.1 and 22.3.2 for the
recommended rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
|
Table 22.3.1 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests for transplants in plastic mulch with fertigation. |
||||||||
|
N pounds/acre |
P2O5
pounds/acre |
|
K2O pounds/acre |
Comments |
||||
|
|
Soil Phosphorus
Level |
|
Soil Potassium
Level |
|
||||
|
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
|
125 |
150 |
100 |
75 |
|
150 |
100 |
75 |
Total recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
75 |
25 |
0 |
|
75 |
25 |
0 |
Broadcast and disk-in. |
|
15 |
15 |
15 |
15 |
|
15 |
15 |
15 |
Apply 1 week after transplanting and every 3 weeks for 5 applications. |
|
Table 22.3.2 Recommended nutrients based on soil tests for transplants in bare ground. |
||||||||
|
N pounds/acre |
P2O5
pounds/acre |
|
K2O pounds/acre |
Comments |
||||
|
|
Soil Phosphorus
Level |
|
Soil Potassium
Level |
|
||||
|
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
low |
med. |
high |
|
|
90-150 |
150 |
100 |
50 |
|
150 |
100 |
50 |
Total recommended |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50 |
150 |
100 |
50 |
|
150 |
100 |
50 |
Broadcast and disk-in.1 |
|
40-50 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
Apply when first clusters set fruit2 |
|
40-50 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
Apply
only on light soils or in seasons with heavy rains. |
1: If equipment is available, apply half of the
phosphorus and potassium in bands 4” deep and 4” from the row at planting or
drill deeply
after plowing.
2: Nitrogen can be applied as a split application.
Apply half at fruit set and the rest when fruit are 1” in diameter.
22.4
Harvesting
Bell peppers are harvested by hand usually at the green stage but after fruit reach full size and walls are thick and firm. Peppers may be picked twice per week during the peak harvest period. The demand for colored peppers has increased, which requires two to four weeks additional growing time. Increased attention to insects and diseases is required in the production of mature, colored fruit.
Peppers are often washed after harvest. Water temperature should be close to that of the fruit, and never more than
10°F cooler, to prevent movement of bacteria into the stem
end of the fruit. Chlorinated water should be used. Peppers are often waxed to prevent moisture loss and scuffing damage.
Bell peppers and fresh hot and novelty peppers are best stored at 50° to 54°F and 90 to 95 percent relative humidity. Chilling injury occurs at temperatures below 45°F, and damage may occur even below 50°F, depending on variety and other factors. Bell peppers may be stored two to three weeks if handled properly. Dried hot peppers are stored at 32° to 38°F.
|
Table 23.3 Nonpathogenic disorders. |
||
|
Disorder |
Management Option |
Recommendation |
|
Blossom-end rot |
Irrigation, variety |
Occurs when soil moisture has become deficient after a period of abundant moisture. Maintain optimum soil moisture. |
|
Poor fruit set |
Variety |
Nighttime temperatures below 60°F or above 75°F affect fruit setting adversely, and blossom drop is common during periods of abnormally cool or hot weather |
|
Sunscald |
Maintain foliage |
Caused by intense sunlight on fruit. Maintain foliage and take care when harvesting to avoid breaking-off branches. |
|
Lodging |
Stake, variety |
Heavy fruit load on sandy soil. In some areas related to Fusarium and dry, hot conditions. |
22.5 Disease Management
22.5.1
Anthracnose fruit rot, Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides, C. capsici, and C.
coccodes
Time for concern: Called ripe fruit disease, as symptoms appear when fruit turn red or final mature color.
Key characteristics: This organism affects both green and ripe fruit, but symptoms usually do not appear until fruit turn red.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Begin sprays as first fruit ripens and follow a seven- to ten-day
interval. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Crop rotation |
Follow a minimum two-year rotation out of solanaceous
crops. |
|
Seed selection/treatment |
The pathogens can be seedborne in pepper. |
|
Postharvest, Site selection,
Sanitation |
Currently
not a viable management option. |
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
azoxystrobin |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Quadris
F |
6.2-15.4 fl oz |
0 |
4 |
1-3 |
Do not apply more than 1 sequential foliar application of
these products or other strobilurin before alternating with a fungicide that
has a different mode of action. Do not
spray these products where spray drift may reach apple trees or use same
sprayer to apply sprays to apple trees. |
|
|
Amistar
80 WDG |
2-5 oz |
0 |
4 |
2-4 |
|
|
famoxadone + cymoxanil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tanos
50 DF |
8-10 oz |
3 |
12 |
3 |
Do not make more than one application of Tanos before
alternating with a fungicide that has a different mode of action (other than
group 11 fungicide). Tanos must be
tank-mixed with a contact fungicide such as maneb, using at least the minimum
labeled rate of maneb. |
|
maneb |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Maneb
75DF 0.75 lb/lb |
1.5-3 lb |
7 |
24 |
24-48 |
|
|
|
Manex 4 lb/gal |
1.2-2.4 qt |
7 |
24 |
19-38 |
|
|
pyraclostrobin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cabrio
EG |
8-12 oz |
0 |
12 |
|
No aerial
application in NYS. Do not make more than 2 sequential
applications of Cabrio (Group 11) before alternating to a labeled fungicide
with a different mode of action. |
22.5.2
Bacterial leaf spot, Xanthomonas
campestris pv. vesicatoria
Time for concern: From
seeding to harvest
Key characteristics: Necrotic spots may appear on leaves, stems, and fruits. Symptoms first appear on the undersides of leaves as small, water-soaked spots that grow up to 1/4 inch in diameter, turn dark brown, and become raised. Eventually, the leaves yellow and fall off, increasing the chance for sunscald. Fruits develop raised, scablike spots. See Reference 1.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No thresholds are available. If plants have been exposed
to high relative humidity (greater than 85 percent) for a few hours over
several days, the pathogen can produce disease symptoms. Spraying should
begin at this time and continue on a three to five day schedule. |
|||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
Plant resistant varieties. See Section 23.1 Recommended
Varieties. These varieties have the hypersensitive gene, meaning that
localized plant infection under high disease pressure can still result in
some marginal necrosis and small lesions. Varieties without this resistance
would be defoliated. |
|||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum two year rotation away from tomato and pepper
crops. |
|||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Plant disease-free, certified seed. If bacterial diseases
are a major concern, dip seed in a solution containing one quart of bleach
plus four quarts of water plus 1/2 teaspoon of surfactant for one minute.
Provide constant agitation. Use at a rate of one gallon of solution per pound
of seed. Prepare a fresh solution for each batch of seed. Wash seed with
running water for five minutes, dry thoroughly, and treat with thiram. |
|||||||
|
Transplants |
When using southern produced transplants, make sure they
are disease-free and certified. Field sprays should begin shortly after
transplanting and be repeated every seven to ten days or more frequently if
rain and warm temperatures occur. |
|||||||
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible to
remove this source of disease for other plantings and to initiate
decomposition. |
|||||||
|
Site selection and
Sanitation |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
|
|
copper compounds |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Champ
or OLF |
1.3-2 pt |
0 |
12/24 (see label) |
19-29 |
Label varies with manufacturer and formulation. |
|
|
|
copper compounds + maneb |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
##Fixed
copper + Maneb 75DF or OLF |
1 lb ai + 1.5 lb |
7 |
24 |
43-64 |
##2(ee) recommendation. Grower must have a copy of this
recommendation in their possession when applying these materials. |
|
|
|
|
##Fixed
copper + Manex |
1 lb ai + 1.2 qt |
7 |
24 |
14-16 |
|
||
|
famoxadone + cymoxanil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Tanos
50 DF |
8-10 oz |
3 |
12 |
3 |
For suppression of Bacterial Spot. Do not make more than one application of
Tanos (Groups 11 + 27) before alternating with a fungicide that has a
different mode of action (other than group 11 fungicide). Tanos must be tank-mixed with a contact
fungicide such as copper, using at least the minimum labeled rate of copper. |
|
|
|
Streptomycin sulfate |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Agri-mycin
17 or OLF |
0.5 lb/ 50 gal |
0 |
12 |
|
Begin application in the 2-3 leaf stage, and may be
applied only prior to transplanting. Not for use in the field. |
|
|
22.5.3
Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora
Time for concern: During
fruit development, at harvest, and during transit.
Key characteristics:
Frequently begins in the peduncle and calyx tissues or through wounds anywhere
on the fruit. European corn borer feeding causes such wounds.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No thresholds are available. Monitor European corn boxer
flights. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Site selection |
Avoid planting near corn fields. |
|
Transplants |
When using southern transplants, be sure they are
certified. If they are not, return them. Transplants can be inspected and
rejected by a New York State Agriculture and Markets inspector. There is no
charge for this service. Begin sprays shortly after transplanting and repeat
every seven to ten days if rain and warm temperatures occur. |
|
Postharvest |
The addition of chlorine in postharvest wash treatments
can prevent the spread of decaying bacteria by killing the organism on contact.
See Section 10.1 in the Postharvest Handling chapter. |
|
Sanitation, Crop rotation,
and Seed selection/ treatment |
These are currently not viable management options. |
|
Compound(s) |
No pesticides are available to manage bacterial soft rot. |
22.5.4
Damping-off caused by Phytophthora
spp., Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani
Time for concern: At
seeding or transplanting.
Key characteristics: Seedlings fail to emerge or collapse in the small seedling stage.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No thresholds are available. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
||||||
|
Site selection, Seed
selection/ treatment |
These soilborne fungi are commonly enhanced by
undecomposed organic matter in soil and high soil moisture. Use fungicide treated seed and sterilize
reused flats. |
|
||||||
|
Planting mix |
For maximum control use disease-free, synthetic planting
mix. If planting mix is not used, pretreat seedbed with Vapam. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation,
Post-harvest, and Sanitation |
These are currently not viable management options. |
|
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
metam-sodium |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Vapam
HL 4.26 lb/gal |
0.75 qt/100 ft2 |
0 |
48 |
49 |
|
||
22.5.5
Nematodes (Primarily Northern root-knot nematode)
Time for concern: Before and after planting. Long term planning is needed for sustainable management.
Key characteristics: Severely infested plants with root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) are stunted and exhibit knotted roots.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Thresholds are not available. Record the occurence and
severity of nematode infection and soil infestation and map hot spots. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation |
Long rotations (minimum of three years) with grain crops
are the most practical means of control for root-knot nematode. |
|
||||||
|
Site selection |
Root-knot nematode is most damaging in sandy soils and
soils of poor health. |
|
||||||
|
Seed selection/treatment,
Postharvest, and Sanitation |
These are currently not viable management options. |
|
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
oxamyl |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
†*Vydate
L 2 lb/gal |
2 pt |
7 |
48 |
12 |
Not for use
in Nassau/Suffolk Counties. Use with 200
gallons of transplant water if populations are high. Can be supplemented with
a foliar application 14 days after transplanting. Additional foliar
applications can be made at 7-14 day intervals. |
||
|
*Restricted
use only. |
†
Not for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties |
|
||||||
22.5.6
Phytophthora blight, Phytophthora capsici
Time for concern:
July and August
Key characteristics: Phytophthora may attack the roots, stems, leaves, and fruit. Sudden wilting and death occur as plants reach the fruiting stage. Stem lesions occur at the soil line and at any level on the stem. Stems discolor internally and collapse. Leaves show small, dark green spots that enlarge and become bleached. Fruit develop dark, water-soaked patches that become coated with white mold and spores. See Reference 2.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
This
disease starts in low areas of a field after heavy rains and spreads to
surrounding plants. No thresholds have been established. |
|
Irrigation |
Overhead irrigation should be discontinued if the disease
is present. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Crop rotation |
Minimum three year rotation away from peppers, tomatoes,
eggplants, or cucurbits. |
|
Site selection |
Avoid poorly drained fields. |
|
Ridges |
Plant on a ridge or a raised, dome-shaped bed to provide
better soil drainage. Raised beds should be used only with trickle
irrigation. |
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Plant disease-free seed. |
|
Postharvest and Sanitation |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
copper compounds |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
##Cuprofix
Disperss ##Cuprofix Ultra 40 ##Champion ##Champ
F ##Kocide
4.5 LF, ##Kocide
DF ,##Kocide
2000 |
2.5-6
lb 1.25-3 lb 2-3 lb 1.3-2
pt 1.3-2 pt 2-3
lb 1.5-2.25
lb |
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 |
24 24 24 24 24 24 24 |
29-70 34-82 59-89 19-29 19-29 47-71 31-47 |
##2(ee) Tank-mix one of the listed copper compounds
with Forum (Group 15) or Tanos (Groups 11 + 27). Products many be used in alternation with
other fungicides that also have specific activity for oomycetes, including Phytophthora capsici. |
|
dimethomorph |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acrobat
50 WP Forum
SC |
6.4 oz 6.0 oz |
0 0 |
12 12 |
5 4 |
Acrobat
or Forum (Group 15) are for
suppression only. Do not use less
than 20 gallons of water per acre to obtain thorough coverage. |
|
famoxadone + cymoxanil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tanos
50 DF |
8-10 oz |
3 |
12 |
3 |
For
suppression of foliar and fruit phase only. Tanos (Groups 11
+ 27) must be tank-mixed with a protectant fungicide labeled for control,
which include copper and maneb. Do not
make more than one application
before alternating to a fungicide with different mode of action. |
|
maneb |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Maneb
75DF 0.75 lb/lb |
1.5-3 lb |
7 |
24 |
24-48 |
|
|
|
Manex 4
lb/gal |
1.2-2.4 qt |
7 |
24 |
19-38 |
|
|
mefenoxam |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ridomil
Gold EC or OLF |
1 pt |
7 |
48 |
14 |
Apply broadcast surface application prior to planting or
in 12 to 16" bands over the row at the time of transplanting. Follow
with 2 directed sprays at plant base at 30 day intervals. If plastic mulch is
used, apply through the drip irrigation system. |
|
|
Ultra
Flourish |
1 qt |
7 |
48 |
7 |
|
|
mefenoxam + copper |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
Ridomil
Gold Copper |
2.5 lb |
7 |
48 |
54 |
For prevention of the stem and fruit rot phase, use at
10-14 day intervals. |
|
potassium phosphite |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
ProPhyt
or OLF |
4 pt/ 100 gal |
0 |
4 |
|
Apply to transplants prior to transplanting or apply 5 fl
oz/1000 ft row as in-furrow drench at planting. Reapply as weekly foliar application at 6
pt/A beginning 2 weeks after planting. |
22.5.7 Seed
rot and damping-off
Time for concern: Greenhouse
seeding operation
Key characteristics: Young seedlings affected prior to emergence above the soil or later as decay of the hyocotyl near the soil line.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No thresholds are available. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Seed selection/treatment |
Seeds should have thiram treatment and then be sown into
sterile soil mix. |
|
Postharvest, Crop rotation,
Site selection, and Sanitation |
These are currently not viable management options. |
22.5.8
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
Time for concern: Any
time after transplanting.
Key characteristics: Symptoms can be transitory and often appear on lower leaves as ring-spot patterns. Sometimes plants adjacent to ring-spotted plants display a moderate mosaic pattern and have a dull appearance. See Reference 3.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No acceptable level of tolerance is available in any
commercial variety. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Crop rotation, Site
selection, Seed selection/ treatment, and Postharvest |
These are currently not viable management options. |
|
Sanitation |
Eliminate weeds for 150 feet around the field, especially
common milkweed, marchcress, and yellow-rocket. This should be done before
the crop is established. |
|
Compound(s) |
No pesticides are available to manage CMV. |
22.5.9
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) transmitted by thrips
Time for concern: Seeding
in greenhouse and following transplanting to field.
Key characteristics: TSWV causes sudden yellowing and browning of young leaves which later become necrotic. Fruit formed after infection develops large, necrotic blotches. See Reference 3.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
Scouting/thresholds |
No thresholds are available. |
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
Site selection |
This disease commonly occurs in greenhouses where
ornamentals and potted plants are grown. Grow pepper transplants in
greenhouses separate from these contaminating sources. |
|
Seed selection/treatment,
Crop rotation, and Postharvest |
These are currently not viable management options. |
|
Sanitation |
When possible, eliminate weeds near the crop. |
|
Compound(s) |
No pesticides are available to manage TSWV. |
22.6
Insect Management
22.6.1
Aphids, Primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus
persicae
Time for concern:
June 15 through harvest (Damage may be greater during dry, warm periods.)
Key characteristics: Green peach adult aphids can be green, pink, red, or dark brown. They have wings and range in length from 1/32 to 1/16 inch. They can be found exclusively on the undersides of leaves.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Examine plants at a minimum of ten randomly selected sites
throughout the field. Treatment should begin before the population exceeds 5
nymphs/leaf. |
|
||||||
|
Natural enemies |
Naturally occurring predators, parasitoids, and pathogens
help suppress aphid infestations. Use Reference 4 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/
for identification of natural enemies. Increases in aphid infestations are
sometimes associated with applications of insecticides that have killed
natural enemies. |
|
||||||
|
Note(s) |
Aphid populations may decline during periods of heavy
rainfall. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. |
|
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Crop debris should be destroyed as soon as possible after harvest. |
|
||||||
|
Sanitation |
Destroy weeds around the field. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation, Site
selection, and Seed selection/treatment |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
acetamiprid |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Assail
30SG 0.3 lb/lb |
2.0-4.0 oz |
7 |
12 |
1-2 |
|
||
|
imidacloprid |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Admire
Pro 4.6 lbs/gal |
7.0-10.5 fl oz |
21 |
12 |
7-10 |
Do not use as a foliar spray |
||
|
|
*Provado
1.6F 1.6 lb/gal |
3.75 fl oz |
0 |
12 |
1 |
|
||
|
acephate |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Orthene
97 0.97 lb/lb |
0.5 lb |
7 |
24 |
11 |
For use on non-bell peppers only. Do not exceed 2 pounds a.i. per acre per season. |
||
|
dimethoate |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Dimethoate
400 4 lb/gal |
0.5-0.67 pt |
0 |
48 |
16-22 |
Peppers may be harvested mechanically day of application. |
||
|
endosulfan |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
*Thionex
3EC 3 lb/gal |
0.67 qt |
1 |
24 |
19 |
|
||
|
methomyl |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Lannate
LV 2.4 lb/gal |
1.5-3 pt |
3 |
48 |
13-27 |
|
||
|
oxydemeton-methyl |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*MSR 2 lb/gal |
1 qt |
3 |
48 |
38 |
|
||
|
pymetrozine |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Fulfill 0.5lb/lb |
2.75 oz |
0 |
12 |
2 |
Apply when aphids first appear but before populations
build to damaging levels. Do not
exceed 5.5 oz/A per season. Allow 7
days between applications. |
||
|
*Restricted
use only. |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
22.6.2
European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia
nubilalis
Time for concern:
mid-July through early August
Key characteristics: Eggs are laid in scale-like masses on the undersides of leaves and fruit. The larvae are gray with rows of brown spots. The head capsule is dark brown. Larvae are 3/4 inch long when fully developed. The adult is a yellowish/reddish brown moth, about one inch in length. See References 5 and 6 or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/factsheets/.
|
Management
Option |
Recommendation |
|
||||||
|
Scouting/thresholds |
Insecticide treatments should coincide with peaks in adult
activity as determined by pheromone or light traps. No thresholds have been established. Do not
spray before fruit begins to form. |
|
||||||
|
Natural enemies |
A variety of natural enemies help suppress ECB infestations
including predatory lady beetles, minute pirate bugs and lacewings, and fly
and wasp parasitoids. Bird predation can also be important. Use Reference 4
or www.nysaes.cornell.edu/ent/biocontrol/ for identification of natural
enemies. |
|
||||||
|
Resistant varieties |
No resistant varieties are available. However, damage is
usually more severe on bell peppers than hot peppers. |
|
||||||
|
Site selection |
Locate pepper fields as far away as possible from corn. |
|
||||||
|
Postharvest |
Destruction of pepper residue and plowing in the fall can
destroy a large percentage of overwintering larvae. However, this is only helpful if peppers
are grown in the same field the following year and there are no nearby corn
fields. |
|
||||||
|
Sanitation |
Eliminate weeds around field edges because they often
serve as breeding sites. |
|
||||||
|
Crop rotation and Seed
selection/treatment |
These are not currently viable management options. |
|
||||||
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|||
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
||
|
acephate |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
Orthene
97 0.97 lb/lb |
0.75-1 lb |
7 |
24 |
17-23 |
For use on non-bell peppers only. Do not exceed 2 pounds a.i. per acre per
season. |
||
|
bifenthrin |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Capture
2EC 2 lb/gal |
2.1-6.4 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
3-9 |
|
||
|
cyfluthrin |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Baythroid
2 2 lb/gal |
1.6-2.8 fl oz |
7 |
12 |
1-2 |
|
||
|
indoxacarb |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
Avaunt 0.3 lb/lb |
3.5 oz |
3 |
12 |
|
For
best results begin applications following two applications of an
organophosphate insecticide. |
||
|
lambda-cyhalothrin |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Warrior 1 lb/gal |
2.56-3.84 fl oz |
5 |
12 |
<1-1 |
|
||
|
spinosad |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
SpinTor
2SC 2 lb/gal |
3-6 fl oz |
1 |
4 |
<1-2 |
Do
not apply more than 29 oz/A/crop |
||
|
|
Entrust 0.8 lb/lb |
1-2 oz |
1 |
4 |
<1-2 |
Do
not apply more than 9 oz/A/crop |
||
|
zeta-cypermethrin |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
*Mustang
MAX 0.8 lb/gal |
2.24-4 fl oz |
1 |
12 |
<1 |
|
||
|
*Restricted
use only. |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
22.7
Weed Management
Key characteristics: Weed fact sheets provide a good color reference for common weed identification. See Reference 7. See Chapter 4 for information on scouting/thresholds, site selection, cultivation, and banding of herbicides.
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
preplant
incorporated |
||||||
|
napropamide (annual grasses and selected
broadleaves) |
|
|||||
|
|
Devrinol
50-DF 0.5 lb/lb |
2-4 lb |
|
12 |
13-25 |
Apply and incorporate shallowly, not more than
2"", before seeding. Use lower rate on sandy soil. Caution: this
herbicide is just as persistent as atrazine. Read label for restrictions on
rotational crops. |
|
trifluralin (grasses and many broadleaves,
except ragweed, galinsoga species, and mustard) |
||||||
|
|
Treflan
HFP 4 lb/gal |
1-2 pt |
|
12 |
13-27 |
Transplants only. Use lower rate on sandy soils.
Incorporate 2"" within a few hours of spraying. Exceeding
recommended dosages may cause severe stunting. |
|
preplant
incorporate or preemergence |
||||||
|
bensulide (annual grasses, redroot pigweed,
and common lambsquarters) |
||||||
|
|
Prefar
4-E 4 lb/gal |
5-6 qt |
|
12 |
120-144 |
Irrigate immediately after application. Crop rotation for
nonlabeled crops is 120 days. |
|
preemergence |
||||||
|
clomazone (annual grasses and selected
broadleaf weeds, e.g. velvetleaf)) |
||||||
|
|
Command
3ME 3 lb/gal |
0.67-2.67 pt |
|
12 |
3-10 |
DO NOT use on banana peppers. DO
NOT apply to soil that that will
be covered by plastic mulch. Apply
only as a preemergent soil applied treatment prior to transplanting. Place
roots of transplants below the chemical barrier when planting. Residual carryover of Command 3ME may
injure fall-planted wheat or rye crops.
See label for additional rotational restrictions. |
|
pre
and post transplant |
||||||
|
s-metolachlor (annual grasses, yellow nutsedge,
galinsoga, selected broadleaves, i.e. redroot pigweed, and nightshade
species) |
||||||
|
|
*†
Dual Magnum 7.62 lb/gal |
0.5-1 pt |
|
24 |
12-18 |
See comments below |
|
NOT FOR USE
IN NASSAU AND SUFFOLK COUNTIES. Apply pretransplant
surface (not incorporated) or post-transplant within 48-72 hours. Grower
experience suggests that postemergence applications to peppers grown on
plastic may cause significant crop injury if rain/irrigation is sufficient to
wash product into the holes around the transplants. Syngenta
has created a new means of acquiring the indemnification required when using
Dual Magnum on the vegetable crops registered on New York State’s multi-crop
24(c) Special Local Need (SLN) supplemental label. The required product label and
indemnification can only be obtained through the “special labels” link found
at www.farmassist.com
and must be obtained by the ‘end-user’.
If difficulties are encountered in using the website call the Syngenta
Customer Resource Center at 866-796-4368. |
||||||
|
Compound(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Common name |
Rate/A |
PHI |
REI |
Field |
|
|
|
|
Trade
name |
Product |
(days) |
(hours) |
Use EIQ |
Comments |
|
preemergence
or postemergence to weeds |
||||||
|
halosulfuron
(Preemergence
applications: galinsoga,
lambsquarters, mustard/radish species, redroot pigweed, ragweed,
velvetleaf. Yellow nutsedge is
suppressed but not controlled. Postemergence applications: yellow nutsedge, galinsoga, redroot
pigweed, mustard/radish species, ragweed, velvetleaf) |
||||||
|
|
Sandea |
0.5-1 oz |
30 |
12 |
<1 |
May be applied only to row middles. No more than 2 oz/Acre may be applied per
season. |
|
clethodim (annual and perennial grasses) |
||||||
|
|
*Select
2EC 2 lb/gal |
6 - 8 fl. oz. |
20 |
24 |
2 |
For control of numerous annual and perennial grasses. DO
NOT apply more than 32 fl. oz. of Select 2EC (0.5 lb ai) per acre per season. DO
NOT apply more than 8 fl. oz. per application. Application on LONG ISLAND is restricted to no more
than 16 fl. oz. of Select 2EC (0.25 lb ai) per acre per season. Always use a crop oil concentrate at 1% V/V
in the finished spray volume. |
|
sethoxydim (annual grasses) |
||||||
|
|
Poast 1.5 lb/gal |
1.0-1.5 pt |
|
12 |
5-7 |
Apply when grasses are actively growing. See label for
specific stages of development and the use of oil adjuvants. |
|
paraquat (nonselective) |
||||||
|
|
*Gramoxone
Max 3.0 lb/gal |
1.3-2.7 pt |
|
12 |
12-25 |
Apply as a directed-shielded spray. |
|
|
*Gramoxone
Inteon 2.5 lb/gal |
2-4 pt |
|
12 |
19-37 |
|
|
postemergence
- hooded row middle application |
|
|
||||
|
carfentrazone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aim
EW 1.9 lb/gal |
0.5-1.6 fl oz/ application |
0 |
12 |
<1-5 |
May be used only as a hooded, row middle application. Sprayers must be designed to prevent ANY contact
with the crop and may not be operated at more than 5 MPH. Special care must be taken when operating
on uneven ground. See product label
for additional precautions. |
|
*Restricted
use only. |
†Not
for use in Nassau/Suffolk Counties |
|
||||
22.8
References
1 Zitter, T. A. 1985. Bacterial spot of
pepper, p. 736.10. In Vegetable Crops: Diseases of Pepper. New York
State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
2 Zitter, T. A. 1989. Phytophthora blight of
pepper and certain other vegetables, p. 736.20. In Vegetable Crops:
Diseases of Pepper. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
3 Zitter, T. A., D. Florini, and R.
Provvidenti. 1984. Virus diseases of pepper, p. 736.00. In Vegetable
Crops: Diseases of Pepper. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station,
Geneva.
4 Hoffmann, M. P., and A. C. Frodsham. 1993.
Natural Enemies of Vegetable Insect Pests. Cornell Cooperative Extension. 64
pp.
5 Andaloro, J. T., A. A. Muka, and R. W.
Straub. 1983. European corn borer, p. 794.00. In Vegetable Crops:
Insects of Corn. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva.
6 Showers, W. B., J. F. Witkowski, C. E.
Mason, D. D. Calvin, R. A. Higgins, and G. P. Dively. 1989. European Corn
Borer: Development and Management. North Central Regional Extension Publication
327. 198 NCR Educational Materials Project, B-10 Curtiss Hall, Iowa State
University, Ames, IA 50011.
7 Pennsylvania State University. 1987. Weed identification, pp. 1-32. PA State University Cooperative Extension, University Park.
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