Table of Contents
- Home
- Acknowledgment
- Table of Contents
- 1 Integrated Crop and Pest Management
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Practicing IPM
- 1.3 IPM Components
- 1.3.1 Monitoring (Scouting)
- 1.3.2 Forecasting
- 1.3.3 Thresholds
- 1.3.4 Management tactics
- 1.3.5 Recordkeeping
- 1.4 IPM Tactics
- 2 Disease Management
- 3 Insect Management
- 3.1 General Principles
- 3.2 Management Options
- 3.2.1 Pest-resistant Crops
- 3.2.2 Cultural Control
- 3.2.3 Physical and Mechanical Control
- 3.2.4 Biological Control
- 3.2.5 Chemical Control
- 3.3 Managing Resistance
- 4 Weed Management
- 4.1 General Principles
- 4.2 Management Options
- 4.2.1 Prevention
- 4.2.2 Crop Rotation
- 4.2.3 Cultivation
- 4.2.4 Stale Seedbed Technique
- 4.2.5 Mulches
- 4.2.6 Chemical
- 4.3 Managing Herbicide Resistance and Persistance
- 5 Wildlife Damage Management
- 6 Pesticide Information and Safety
- 6.1 Use Pesticides Safely
- 6.2 Protect Honey Bees from Insecticides
- 6.3 Pesticide Control Legislation
- 6.4 Pesticide Product Registration Information for New York State
- 6.5 Verifying Pesticide Registration and Restricted-Use Status
- 6.6 Applicator Certification
- 6.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting
- 6.8 EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides
- 6.9 The Neighbor Notification Law
- 6.10 Reduced-Risk Pesticides, Minimum-Risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides
- 6.11 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations
- 6.12 Protecting Our Environment
- 6.13 Proper Pesticide Use
- 6.13.1 Solutions for Safer Spraying
- 6.13.2 Preparing the crop sprayer for work
- 6.13.3 Calibration
- 6.13.4 Travel Speed Calibration
- 6.13.5 Boom Sprayer Calibration
- 6.13.6 Banded Boom Sprayer Calibration
- 6.13.7 Minimizing Pesticide Drift
- 6.13.8 Decontaminating and Storing Sprayers
- 6.13.9 Decontaminating boom sprayers
- 6.13.10 Spray Additives
- 6.13.11 Spray Equivalents, Conversions, and Dosages
- 6.14 Storage
- 6.15 References
- 7 General Culture
- 8 Soil Management
- 8.1 Soils and Fertility
- 8.2 Crop Rotation
- 8.3 Cover Crops
- 8.4 Manure
- 8.5 Sewage Sludges
- 8.6 Soil Testing
- 8.7 Soil pH
- 8.8 Fertilizers
- 9 Transplant Production
- 9.1 Cultural Practices
- 9.2 Growing Media
- 9.3 Plant Containers
- 9.4 Transplanting
- 9.5 Planting Dates
- 9.6 Disease Management
- 10 Postharvest Handling
- 11 Organic Vegetable Production
- 11.1 Background
- 11.2 Standards
- 11.2.1 Terminology
- 11.2.2 National Organic Standards
- 11.2.3 Organically Approved Pesticides
- 11.3 Soil Fertility Recommendations
- 11.4 Relevance to Organic Growers
- 11.5 References
- 12 Asparagus
- 12.1 Recommended Varieties
- 12.2 Planting Methods
- 12.3 Fertility
- 12.4 Harvesting
- 12.5 Disease Management
- 12.5.1 Fusarium root rot and Fusarium crown rot, Fusarium spp
- 12.5.2 Phytophthora spear rot, Phytophthora spp
- 12.5.3 Rust, Puccinia asparagi
- 12.6 Insect Management
- 12.7 Weed Management
- 12.8 References
- 13 Beans - Dry and Snap
- 13.1 Recommended Varieties
- 13.2 Planting Methods
- 13.3 Fertility
- 13.4 Harvesting
- 13.5 Disease Management
- 13.5.1 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum )
- 13.5.2 Bacterial brown spot
- 13.5.3 Botrytis gray mold, Botrytis cinerea.
- 13.5.4 Bean rust, Uromyces appendiculatus.
- 13.5.5 Root rot and damping-off
- 13.5.6 Sclerotinia white mold
- 13.5.7 Bean common mosaic virus
- 13.5.8 Bean yellow mosaic virus
- 13.5.9 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) spread by seed and aphids
- 13.5.10 Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) spread by aphids
- 13.6 Insect Management
- 13.6.1 Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis mulsant
- 13.6.2 Potato leafhopper (PLH), Empoasca fabae
- 13.6.3 Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura.
- 13.6.4 European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis
- 13.6.5 Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
- 13.6.6 Tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris
- 13.6.7 Slugs
- 13.7 Weed Management
- 14 Beets
- 14.1 Recommended Varieties
- 14.2 Planting Methods
- 14.3 Fertility
- 14.4 Harvesting
- 14.5 Disease Management
- 14.5.1 Leaf spots
- 14.5.2 Pocket rot
- 14.5.3 Seed rot
- 14.5.4 Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii
- 14.6 Insect Management
- 14.7 Weed Management
- 15 Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower, Brussels Sprouts
- 15.1 Recommended Varieties
- 15.4 Harvesting
- 15.5 Disease Management
- 15.5.1 Alternaria leaf spot, Alternaria spp.
- 15.5.2 Black rot, Xanthomonas campestris
- 15.5.3 Black leg, seed decay, Phoma lingam
- 15.5.4 Clubroot, Plasmodiophora brassicae
- 15.5.5 Downy mildew, Peronospora parasitica
- 15.5.6 Fusarium yellows, Fusarium oxysporum
- 15.5.7 Head rot of broccoli, Pseudomonas spp
- 15.5.8 Root rot, caused primarily by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani
- 15.5.9 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- 15.5.10 Sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii
- 15.6 Insect Management
- 15.6.1 Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum
- 15.6.2 Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae
- 15.6.3 Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella
- 15.6.4 Imported cabbageworm (ICW), Pieris rapae
- 15.6.5 Cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni
- 15.6.6 Aphids, Primarily the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae
- 15.6.7 Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
- 15.6.8 Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii
- 15.6.9 Slugs
- 15.7 Weed Management
- 16 Carrots
- 16.1 Recommended Varieties
- 16.2 Planting Methods
- 16.3 Fertility
- 16.4 Harvesting
- 16.5 Disease Management
- 16.5.1 Aster yellows
- 16.5.2 Cavity spot
- 16.5.3 Rhizoctonia Crown rot and Foliar blight diseases
- 16.5.4 Alternaria leaf blight, Alternaria dauci
- 16.5.5 Northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla.
- 16.5.6 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
- 16.5.7 Seed decay, primarily caused by the pathogens Pythium spp
- 16.5.8 Storage rots
- 16.6 Insect Management
- 16.6.1 Aphids, Primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae.
- 16.6.2 Aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus
- 16.6.3 Carrot rust fly, Psila rosae (Fabricius)
- 16.6.4 Carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (Le Conte)
- 16.7 Weed Management
- 16.8 References
- 17 Cucurbits – Cucumber, Melon, Pumpkin, Squash, and Watermelon
- 17.1 Recommended Varieties
- 17.2 Planting Methods
- 17.3 Fertility
- 17.4 Harvesting
- 17.5 Disease Management
- 17.5.1 Importance of each disease for a particular cucurbit
- 17.5.2 Relative effectiveness of various chemicals for cucurbit disease control
- 17.5.3 Alternaria leaf blight, Alternaria cucumerina
- 17.5.4 Angular leaf spot, Pseudomonas syringae
- 17.5.5 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum orbiculare
- 17.5.6 Bacterial wilt, Erwinia tracheiphila
- 17.5.7 Belly rot, Rhizoctonia solani
- 17.5.8 Choanephora blossom blight and fruit rot
- 17.5.9 Cottony leak, Pythium spp
- 17.5.10 Damping-off and root rot, Pythium spp
- 17.5.11 Downy mildew, Pseudoperonospora cubensis
- 17.5.12 Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum
- 17.5.13 Gummy stem blight (foliar phase) and Black rot (fruit rot phase)
- 17.5.14 Nematodes, primarily Northern root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla) and lesion (Pratylenchus spp.)
- 17.5.15 Phytophthora blight, Phytophthora capsici
- 17.5.16 Plectosporium blight, Plectosporium tabacinum
- 17.5.17 Powdery mildew (several species)
- 17.5.18 Scab, Cladosporium cucumerinum
- 17.5.19 Sclerotinia white mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- 17.5.20 Seedborne diseases and seed decay
- 17.5.21 Septoria leaf spot, Septoria cucurbitacearum
- 17.5.22 Ulocladium leaf spot
- 17.5.23 Storage rots
- 17.5.24 Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) transmitted by aphids
- 17.5.25 Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) transmitted by aphids
- 17.5.26 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
- 17.5.27 Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) transmitted by aphids
- 17.6 Insect Management
- 17.6.1 Aphids, primarily the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii
- 17.6.2 Striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum and Spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
- 17.6.3 Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura
- 17.6.4 Squash bug, Anasa tristis
- 17.6.5 Squash vine borer, Melittia cucurbitae
- 17.6.6 Spider mites, primarily the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
- 17.7 Weed Management
- 17.8 References
- 18 Eggplant
- 18.1 Recommended Varieties
- 18.2 Planting Methods
- 18.3 Fertility
- 18.4 Harvesting
- 18.5 Disease Management
- 18.5.1 Fruit rot, primarily caused by Anthracnose, Colletotrichum coccodes, and Alternaria early blight
- 18.5.2 Phytophthora crown or collar rot
- 18.5.3 Verticillium wilt, Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae
- 18.6 Insect Management
- 18.6.1 Flea beetles, primarily the eggplant flea beetle
- 18.6.2 Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata
- 18.6.3 Aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
- 18.6.4 Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae
- 18.7 Weed Management
- 18.8 References
- 19 Lettuce and Endive
- 19.1 Recommended Varieties
- 19.2 Planting Methods
- 19.3 Fertility
- 19.4 Harvesting
- 19.5 Disease Management
- 19.5.1 Anthracnose, Microdochium panattonianum
- 19.5.2 Botrytis gray mold, Botrytis cinerea
- 19.5.3 Bottom rot, Rhizoctonia solani
- 19.5.4 Damping-off, Pythium spp
- 19.5.5 Downy mildew, Bremia lactucae
- 19.5.6 Drop, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, S. minor
- 19.5.7 Northern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne hapla
- 19.5.8 Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) transmitted by aphids
- 19.5.9 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
- 19.5.10 Broadbean wilt virus (BBWV) transmitted by aphids
- 19.5.11 Aster yellows (AY) phytoplasma transmitted by aster leafhoppers
- 19.6 Insect Management
- 19.6.1 Aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, transmits the pathogen for aster yellows disease
- 19.6.2 Aphids, primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
- 19.6.3 Slugs
- 19.7 Weed Management
- 19.8 References
- 20 Onions
- 20.1 Recommended Varieties
- 20.2 Planting Methods
- 20.3 Fertility
- 20.4 Harvesting
- 20.5 Disease Management
- 20.5.1 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora, sub. sp. carotovora
- 20.5.2 Fusarium basal rot, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae
- 20.5.3 Botrytis leaf blight (BLB), Botrytis squamosa
- 20.5.4 Botrytis neck rot, Botrytis allii
- 20.5.5 Damping-off, Pythium spp
- 20.5.6 Downy mildew, Peronospora destructor
- 20.5.7 Flower blight, Botrytis squamosa, B. cinerea, and B. allii
- 20.5.8 Nematodes, primarily northern root-knot (Meloidogyne hapla) and the lesion (Pratylenchus spp.)
- 20.5.9 Pink root, Phoma terrestris
- 20.5.10 Purple blotch, Alternaria porri
- 20.5.11 Smut, Urocystis colchici
- 20.5.12 Stemphylium leaf blight, Stemphylium vesicarium, and Stalk rot, S. botryosum
- 20.5.13 Onion yellow dwarf virus transmitted by aphids
- 20.6 Insect Management
- 20.6.1 Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
- 20.6.2 Onion maggot, Delia antiqua
- 20.6.3 Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura
- 20.6.4 Bulb mite, Rhizoglyphus robini
- 20.6.5 Cutworms, Primarily the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon
- 20.7 Weed Management
- 20.8 References
- 21 Peas
- 21.1 Recommended Varieties
- 21.2 Planting Methods
- 21.3 Fertility
- 21.4 Harvesting
- 21.5 Disease Management
- 21.5.1 Seed decay and root rot diseases
- 21.5.2 Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi
- 21.5.3 Ascochyta leaf spot, Ascochyta pisi
- 21.6 Insect Management
- 21.6.1 Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura
- 21.6.2 Slugs
- 21.7 Weed Management
- 21.8 References
- 22 Peppers
- 22.1 Recommended Varieties
- 22.2 Planting Methods
- 22.3 Fertility
- 22.4 Harvesting
- 22.5.1 Anthracnose fruit rot, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, C. capsici, and C. coccodes.
- 22.5.2 Bacterial leaf spot, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria.
- 22.5.3 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora.
- 22.5.4 Damping-off caused by Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani
- 22.5.5 Nematodes (Primarily Northern root-knot nematode)
- 22.5.6 Phytophthora blight, Phytophthora capsici
- 22.5.7 Seed rot and damping-off
- 22.5.8 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
- 22.5.9 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) transmitted by thrips
- 22.6 Insect Management
- 22.6.1 Aphids, Primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
- 22.6.2 European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis
- 22.7 Weed Management
- 22.8 References
- 23 Potatoes
- 23.1 Recommended Varieties
- 23.2 Planting Methods
- 23.3 Fertility
- 23.4 Harvesting
- 23.5 Disease Management
- 23.5.1 Seed piece decay and seedborne pathogens primarily caused by Fusarium dry rot
- 23.5.2 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia spp
- 23.5.3 Fusarium dry rot primarily
- 23.5.4 Early blight, Alternaria solani, A. tomatophila
- 23.5.5 Late blight, Phytophthora infestans.
- 23.5.6 Verticillium wilt, Verticillium albo-atrum and V. dahliae
- 23.5.7 Fusarium wilt, Fusarium spp
- 23.5.8 Black Dot root rot, Colletotrichum coccodes
- 23.5.9 Canker and Black scurf, Rhizoctonia solani
- 23.5.10 Botrytis vine rot, Botrytis cinerea
- 23.5.11 White mold, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- 23.5.12 Potato scab, Streptomyces spp
- 23.5.13 Bacterial ring rot, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicum
- 23.5.14 Pink rot, Phytophthora erythroseptica
- 23.5.15 Powdery scab, Spongospora subterranea
- 23.5.16 Leak, Pythium spp
- 23.5.17 Silver scurf, Helminthosporium solani
- 23.5.18 Golden nematode, Globodera rostochiensis
- 23.6 Insect Management
- 23.6.1 Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata
- 23.6.2 Aphids primarily the green peach aphid
- 23.6.2 Aphids primarily the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae; potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae; melon aphid, Aphis gossypii; buckthorn aphid, Aphidula rhamni; and foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani
- 23.6.3 Potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae
- 23.6.4 Flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris
- 23.6.5 Subterranean and Surface cutworms
- 23.6.6 Variegated cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa
- 23.6.7 European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis
- 23.6.8 Wireworms. Primarily the wheat wireworm, Agriotes mancus; eastern field wireworm, Limoniusectypus;and corn wireworm, Melanotus communis
- 23.6.9 Symphylan, Scutigerella immaculata
- 23.6.10 Spider Mites, Tetranychus spp
- 23.6.11 Slugs and Snails
- 23.7 Weed Management
- 23.8 References
- 24 Spinach
- 24.1 Recommended Varieties
- 24.2 Planting Methods
- 24.3 Fertility
- 24.4 Harvesting
- 24.5 Disease Management
- 24.5.1 Damping-off and seed rot caused by Pythium spp
- 24.5.2 Downy mildew (Blue mold), Peronospora effusa
- 24.5.3 White rust, Albugo occidentalis
- 24.5.4 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
- 24.6 Insect Management
- 24.6.1 Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
- 24.6.2 Spinach leafminer
- 24.6.3 Cabbage looper (CL), Trichoplusia ni
- 24.7 Weed Management
- 24.8 References
- 25 Sweet Corn
- 25.1 Recommended Varieties
- 25.2 Planting Methods
- 25.4 Harvesting
- 25.5 Disease Management
- 25.5.1 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum graminicola
- 25.5.2 Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) transmitted by the corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis
- 25.5.3 Barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV-PAV)
- 25.5.4 Northern corn leaf blight, Various species
- 25.5.5 Common rust, Puccinia sorghi
- 25.5.6 Seed rots caused by Fusarium spp., Diplodia spp., Pythium spp., and other fungi
- 25.5.7 Common smut, Ustilago maydis
- 25.5.8 Stewart’s wilt
- 25.6 Insect Management
- 25.6.1 Corn flea beetle, Chaetocnema pulicaria, vectors the bacterium, Erwinia stewartii, the pathogen causing Stewart’s wilt
- 25.6.2 Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica
- 25.6.3 Seedcorn maggot, Delia platura
- 25.6.4 Cutworms, Primarily the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon; glassy cutworm, Crymodes devastator; and the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia
- 25.6.5 Corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis
- 25.6.6 Sap beetle (Picnic beetle)
- 25.6.7 Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
- 25.6.8 European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis
- 25.6.9 Corn earworm (CEW), Helicoverpa zea
- 25.6.10 Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda
- 25.7 Weed Management
- 25.8 References
- 26 Tomatoes - Field
- 26.1 Recommended Varieties
- 26.2 Planting Methods
- 26.3 Fertility
- 26.4 Harvesting
- 26.5 Disease Management
- 26.5.1 Bacterial canker, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
- 26.5.2 Bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora
- 26.5.3 Damping-off, Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia spp
- 26.5.4 Early blight, Alternaria tomatophila, A. solani
- 26.5.5 Anthracnose, Colletotrichum coccodes
- 26.5.6 Septoria leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici
- 26.5.7 Fusarium, Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium wilts, Verticillium albo-atrum
- 26.5.8 Buckeye fruit rot, primarily Phytophthora parasitica
- 26.5.9 Botrytis gray mold, Botrytis cinerea; Leaf mold, Fulvia fulva; and White mold or Timber rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
- 26.5.10 Late blight, Phytophthora infestans
- 26.5.11 Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) transmitted by aphids
- 26.5.12 Double virus streak caused by a combination of Tomato mosaic virus (TMV) and Potato virus X (PVX)
- 26.5.13 Tomato (tobacco) mosaic virus (TMV) transmitted by seed, tobacco products and equipment 334
- 26.5.14 Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) transmitted by thrips, primarily the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis; tobacco thrips, F. schultzei and F. fusca; and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
- 26.6 Insect Management
- 26.6.1 Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata
- 26.6.2 Flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris
- 26.6.3 Stink bug, Euschistus spp
- 26.6.4 Tarnished plant bug (TPB), Lygus lineolaris
- 26.6.5 Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae
- 26.6.6 Tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea, and hornworm, Manduca spp
- 26.6.7 Cutworms (several species)
- 26.7 Weed Management
- 26.8 References
- 27 Turnips and Radishes
- 27.1 Recommended Varieties
- 27.2 Planting Methods
- 27.3 Fertility
- 27.4 Harvesting
- 27.5 Disease Management
- 27.6 Insect Management
- 27.6.1 Cabbage root maggot, Delia radicum
- 27.6.2 Flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata and P. cruciferae
- 27.7 Weed Management
- 28 Appendix
- Appendix 28.1. Herbicides mentioned in this publication
- Appendix 28.2. Insecticides mentioned in this publication
- Appendix 28.3. Fungicides and disinfectants mentioned in this publication
- Appendix 28.4. Soil pesticides, defoliants, and plant growth regulators mentioned in this publication
- Appendix 28.5. Animal toxicant and repellants mentioned in this publication
- Abbreviations
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