Most pesticides are poisonous to humans and animals, but when properly used they are not harmful. Handle them with care. Store them in closed, plainly labeled original containers, out of the reach of children and animals. Keep pesticides in locked storage facilities.

When handling, do not allow pesticides to come in contact with the skin. Do not apply on a windy day. Do not smoke while handling pesticides. Do not inhale dusts, sprays, or vapors. After handling pesticides, wash hands and face before eating or smoking.

To avoid accidental injury to susceptible plants, avoid drift of sprays and dusts. Use separate equipment for applying hormone-type herbicides such as 2,4-D.

Dispose of empty containers so that children cannot play with them.

Please refer to the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) publication “Part 325, Rules and Regulations Relating to the Application of Pesticides” for further information relating to the use of pesticides in New York State.

1.2 Protect Honey Bees from Insecticides

Honey bees, wild bees, and other insects are important for proper pollination of many vegetables. Vine crops, for example, must be pollinated because they have male and female flowers, and pollen must be transferred from the male to female flowers if fruit is to set. Poor pollination results in small or odd-shaped fruit as well as low yields. Each flower must be visited eight or more times for adequate pollination to occur.

To avoid harming bees with insecticide treatments, remember these points: do not spray crops in bloom; mow blooming weeds before treatment or spray when the blossoms are closed; avoid application during the time of day when field bees are most numerous; make application in the early morning or evening; and always read the label before use.

If pesticides that are highly toxic to bees are used in strict accordance with label directions, little or no harm should be done to bees. Label statements on pesticides that are highly toxic to honey bees may carry a caution statement such as the following: “This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops or weeds. Do not apply or allow to drift to weeds in bloom on which an economically significant number of bees are actively foraging. Protective information can be obtained from your Cooperative Extension Service.”

1.3 Pesticide Control Legislation

1.3.1 Restricted Pesticides

In accordance with New York State legislation, pesticides that are highly toxic or that are persistent and accumulative are placed on a restricted-use list and may be sold to and used only by certified applicators. “Restricted-use pesticide” or “restricted pesticide” means any pesticide: listed in Section 326.2 of Part 326 of the NYSDEC regulations, that meets the criteria of Environmental Conservation Law Section 33-0101(42), or whose labeling bears the statement “Restricted-Use Pesticide.” Restricted-use pesticides recommended in this publication are identified by (*). Pesticide products that cannot be used on Long Island, New York (Nassau and Suffolk Counties) are identified by (†).The following criteria and designations (A through H) refer to those pesticides restricted for use, sale, purchase, or distribution in New York State as noted within Part 326.2:

A: May be distributed, sold, purchased, possessed, and used only upon issuance of a commercial or purchase permit for any uses listed on the approved label as registered with the NYSDEC.

B: May be distributed, sold, purchased, possessed, or used only upon issuance of a commercial permit or purchase permit for those purposes listed in “Part 326 Registration and Classification of Pesticides,” a publication of the NYSDEC.

C: The commissioner of the NYSDEC may place any conditions on the registration of any product that are deemed necessary to prevent damage to health, property and wildlife. Classification as ‘restricted-use’ may be necessary. See Part 326.23 (e).

E: Federally restricted pesticides per EPA.

G: Any product whose label limits use to commercial pesticide applicators only may be distributed, sold, purchased, possessed, and used only upon issuance of a commercial permit or certification identification card. Label statements that limit use to commercial pesticide applicators include but are not limited to the following: (1) Only for sale to and use and storage by commercial pest control operators. (2) To be applied only by or under the direct supervision of commercial applicators responsible for insect control program.

H: Any pesticide labeled for direction application to or in surface waters may be distributed, offered for sale, sold, purchased, possessed, or used only by the holder of a valid commercial permit, verification identification card, or purchase permit.

1.4 Pesticide Product Registration Information for New York State

Cornell University and the NYSDEC provide access to several databases that allow for retrieval of pesticide information, including product registrations and pesticide label images pertinent to New York State. Current New York State product registrations and label images can be accessed from http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/pims/. For more information regarding these databases, please contact the Pesticide Sales and Use Reporting Database Group at 607-257-5706 or PMEP_webmaster@cornell.edu.

1.5 Verifying Pesticide Registration and Restricted-Use Status

Any pesticide used in New York State must be currently registered with the NYSDEC and the USEPA. Applicators can easily verify whether pesticides are currently registered and classified as restricted-use in New York State if they have access to the Internet. Cornell maintains a web site (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/pims/) where NYSDEC approved labels, EPA numbers, or active ingredients can be searched. The NYSDEC also maintains a web site (http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/27354.html) from which users can download a regularly updated file listing all pesticides currently registered for use in the state. This is a large document that includes nonagricultural products and less detail than the Cornell site. Although some pesticide registrations may be shown as expired, we are advised by NYSDEC that if a pesticide is listed, it is considered approved for use in New York as of the list date. NOTE: Federally restricted pesticides will state “RESTRICTED-USE” on the label, but those restricted in New York State may not. Use of federally restricted pesticides requires on-site supervision of a certified applicator according to NYS regulation (6 NYCRR part 325.7(d)(2)(ii)). Certified commercial pesticide technicians are not permitted to purchase restricted-use pesticides.

1.6 Applicator Certification

Commercial applicators using restricted-use and general-use pesticides as well as private applicators using restricted-use pesticides must be certified. Certification training, exams, and recertification courses are continually given throughout the state. Please consult your Cornell Cooperative Extension educator or regional NYSDEC pesticide specialist if you have questions concerning certification. Pesticide certification information, including a listing of approved recertification courses with contact, category, and credit information can be obtained from http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/certification/index.html.

1.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting

1.7.1 New York State Requirements

Manufacturers and importers. The NYSDEC requires annual reports from manufacturers and importers of all sales within the state of each restricted-use pesticide product, including EPA registration number, container size, and number of containers sold to New York purchasers. Records would need to be maintained for at least three years.

Commercial applicators. The NYSDEC requires annual reports from commercial applicators of pesticide use, including EPA registration number; product name; quantity of pesticide used; date applied; and location of application by address, including 5-digit zip code. Records would be maintained for at least three years and would also include the dosage rates, methods of application, and target organisms.

Reporting at point of sale. The NYSDEC requires every person who sells or offers for sale restricted-use pesticides to private applicators to report annually each sale of a restricted-use pesticide or general-use pesticide used in agricultural crop production to such applicator, including EPA registration number; product name of pesticide purchased; quantity purchased; date purchased; and location of intended application by address, including 5 digit zip code, or if address is unavailable, by township and 5 digit zip code.

Recordkeeping by private applicators. New York State regulations require private applicators to maintain, for at least three years, restricted-use pesticide records, including pesticide(s) purchased; crop treated; application method, and date of application.

For more information, contact the NYSDEC at (518-402-8768).

1.7.2 Federal Private Applicator Recordkeeping Requirements

Federal regulations require private applicators to keep records of the restricted-use pesticides they apply. Federally required records need to contain the following elements:

· Applicator name;

· Applicator certification number;

· Month, day, and year of application;

· EPA registration number for product applied;

· Brand or product name of pesticide applied;

· Crop, commodity, or site treated;

· Size of area treated;

· Total amount of pesticide product applied; and

· Location of the application.

Spot applications are applications of a restricted-use pesticide to less than 1/10 of an acre on the same day. Spot application records need to include: month/day/year of application; brand or product name of pesticide applied; EPA registration number; total amount of pesticide applied; and location of the application designated as a “spot treatment” with a brief description. NOTE: Spot treatments do not apply to nurseries or greenhouses. Applications at these locations need to be recorded as if they are a non-spot application.

Federally required records must be made within 14 days of the application and need to be maintained for 2 years following the application. Access to the record information is limited to: USDA-authorized representatives presenting identification; state-authorized representatives presenting identification; and attending licensed health care professionals (or those acting under their direction) when treating individuals who may have been exposed to a restricted-use pesticide.

More specific information on federal recordkeeping requirements can be found on-line at http://www.ams.usda.gov/science/prb/sdpr.htm.

1.8 EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides

The Worker Protection Standard contains requirements designed to reduce the risks of illness or injury resulting from occupational exposures to pesticide handlers and agricultural workers. Accidental exposure of agricultural workers and other persons to pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants on farms, nurseries, greenhouses, and forests are included under these regulations. They include the following:

· Restricted-entry intervals (REIs) for most pesticides

· Personal protective equipment (PPE) for handlers and early-entry workers

· Decontamination supplies and emergency assistance

· Pesticide safety training and posting

· Revised labeling that includes specific WPS instructions

For more complete information on reentry and farmworker protection standards, please contact your local Cornell Cooperative Extension office or the Pesticide Management Education Program, Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, 607-255-1866, web site: http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu.

1.9 The Neighbor Notification Law

The Neighbor Notification Law, Chapter 285 of the Laws of 2000, was signed into law on August, 21, 2000. The law amends Title 10 of Article 33 of the Environmental Conservation Law relating to the commercial and residential lawn application of pesticides. The existing provisions of Title 10 require that before any commercial lawn application, the applicator must enter into a written contract with the owner (or owner’s agent) of the property to which the application is to be made and require the posting of specified visual notification markers. These provisions apply to all commercial lawn applications throughout the state. They do not apply to commercial nursery, greenhouse, or other production operations.

The Neighbor Notification Law added to Title 10 a mechanism to allow counties and New York City to pass a local law to “opt into” additional requirements for lawn applications (including ground, trees, and shrubs) including posting of visual notification markers by homeowners for residential lawn application, posting of informational signs at retail establishments selling general-use lawn care pesticides and, for certain commercial lawn applications, procedures for 48-hour advance notification to occupants of dwellings, multiple dwellings, and other structures on abutting property with boundaries that are within 150 feet of an application. Certain pesticides or applications are exempt from the requirement of 48-hour prior notification, including the following:

· Directed aerosol sprays from containers 18 fl. oz. or less to protect from an imminent threat from stinging and biting insects.

· Nonvolatile insect or rodent bait in a tamper-resistant container.

· Materials classified by EPA as exempt under 40 CFR 152.25 (the so-called “minimum-risk” pesticides).

· Materials classified by EPA as reduced-risk pesticides or biopesticides.

· Horticultural oils and soaps that do not contain synthetic pesticides or synergists.

· Granular pesticides (i.e., solid pesticides applied to ground).

· Pesticides injected into the plant or the ground.

· Spot application of pesticides from a manually pressurized or nonpressurized container of 32 fl. oz. or less to an area of ground less than 9 sq. ft.

· Applications to the ground or turf of any cemetery.

· Emergency application of pesticides to protect human health, provided an effort is made to give written notice and notification is also given to the commissioner of health.

The new sections of Part 325 will apply to pesticide applicators conducting commercial lawn applications, persons conducting residential lawn applications, and placement of signs at retail sellers of general-use lawn pesticides. Commercial applicators and owners of garden centers are advised to become familiar with the provisions of the law, which can be found on-line at http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8529.html. As of August 2007, Albany, Erie, Monroe, Nassau, Rockland, Suffolk, Tompkins, Ulster, and Westchester Counties have elected to “opt into” the Neighbor Notification Law.

1.10 Reduced-Risk Pesticides, Minimum-Risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides

Since 1993 EPA has expedited the registration of conventional pesticides with characteristics such as very low toxicity to humans and nontarget organisms including fish and birds, low risk of groundwater contamination or runoff, low potential for pesticide resistance, demonstrated efficacy, and compatibility with IPM. Materials meeting these criteria are referred to by EPA as “reduced-risk.” The “reduced-risk” designation applies only to certain uses of a particular pesticide, which may not be all label uses for that product.

Minimum-risk pesticides are certain products that are exempted from EPA registration (and therefore have no EPA registration number). They contain only active ingredients outlined in FRFRA 40 CFR 152.25(g) (“the 25b list”) and inert ingredients currently identified on Federal Register Notice 59 FR 49400 (“the 4a list”). The lists can be accessed from the following link: http://www.epa.gov/ pesticides/biopesticides/. For use in New York State, minimum-risk products must display pesticide use directions. All ingredients and percent concentrations must also be listed on the label. New York State pesticide registration policy exempts true minimum-risk pesticides from product registration requirements. Policies may differ in other states, which sometimes require such products to carry a state registration number.

Biopesticides, or biological pesticides as defined by EPA, are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. These include microbial pesticides, which contain bacteria, fungi, virus, etc., as the active ingredient; plant-pesticides, i.e., pesticidal substances that plants produce from added genetic material (such as corn genetically modified to produce Bacillus thuringiensis toxins); and biochemical pesticides comprised of naturally occurring substances that control pests by nontoxic mechanisms (such as pheromones or some insect growth regulators). Biopesticides must be registered with EPA. More information on biopesticides is available at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/

1.11 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations

Certain limited variations from the use directions specified on pesticide labels are authorized under FIFRA Section 2(ee).

These “2(ee) recommendations” allow:

1. Use at any dosage, concentration, or frequency less than specified on the labeling.

2. Use against any target pest not specified on the labeling.

3. Methods of application not prohibited on the labeling.

4. Mixtures with fertilizer unless prohibited on the labeling.

In New York State, all 2(ee) recommendations must be approved in writing by the NYSDEC with the exception of those pesticides applied for agricultural purposes at less than label rate and mixtures with fertilizer (item 4 above).

No fee is required for a 2(ee) recommendation request.

Requirements:

1. Anyone receiving approval of a 2(ee) recommendation is responsible for distributing the recommendation to all users of the product pursuant to the approved recommendation.

2. Any user must have the 2(ee) recommendation in his or her possession at the time of application, e.g., “Cornell Guidelines.”

Information required for submission of 2(ee) recommendations:

1. Requests for approval of 2(ee) recommendations must be made in writing by recognized research institutions, certified crop advisers, manufacturers (registrants), or organizations representing individual users. Individual users may not request approval of 2(ee) recommendations.

2. Requests must be accompanied by data demonstrating that the use will be effective.

Prepared by:

Mike Helms and William Smith, August, 2007.

Pesticide Management Education Program

1.12 Toxicity and Hazards of Pesticides

The relative toxicity and hazards of pesticides should be considered when there is a choice of recommended spray materials. Toxicity is the degree to which a pesticide is poisonous; hazard is the risk of being exposed to poisoning. Proper precautions and safe use of pesticides require a thorough understanding of the hazards.

In addition to the direct exposure hazard for humans, there are hazards to the environment. Some pesticides persist for a long time in soil and water. Through the soil and water, some pesticides may be eaten or absorbed and even concentrated by certain animals and plants and stored in their tissues with no observable ill effects. These organisms, as part of the food chain, may eventually concentrate pesticides to the point where the larger organisms in the food chain are affected if they eat the animal or plant that stores (concentrates) the pesticide.

Pesticide fate in soil and water is now of public concern, and some pesticides are restricted in geographical regions containing sandy soils. In urban/suburban environments where thatch and quantities of organic mulch exist on the soil surface, pesticides may be chemically bound to the organic matter and thus greatly inhibit movement through the soil.

1.12.1 Toxicity Ratings and Signal Words on Pesticide Labels

Toxicity ratings are a guide to the potential effect of a chemical on humans and animals. Toxicity is not the only factor associated with human exposure to pesticides. A compound may be extremely toxic but present very little hazard because of dilution, low volatility, or safe use. On the other hand, a chemical with low toxicity can be hazardous because of concentration, high volatility, or careless use.

Pesticides are generally categorized according to acute oral toxicity. Users do not ingest pesticides during application, although they may inadvertently do so while eating or smoking on the job.

Dermal toxicity is of equal or greater practical importance to the applicator since users may absorb measurable quantities of certain pesticides through the skin. Applicators may also be exposed from breathing in pesticide spray or dust.

The LD₅₀ and LC₅₀ are reference standards indicating the relative toxicity from exposure to the technical grade of chemical or active ingredient, based on the Lethal Dose (or Concentration in air) to 50% of a test population. The values are determined on rats or rabbits in support of the pesticide registration. The concentrations are usually expressed in milligrams of test material per kilogram of animal body weight for oral and dermal exposure or per liter of air (in the case of inhalation toxicity). Toxicity ratings are also based on the potential for eye and skin effects. While they cannot be directly extrapolated to humans, the figures do show relative toxicities among active ingredients.

The range in acute oral, dermal, or inhalation values for a particular material is usually related to the sex or strain of the test animal used. Pesticides are classified in four toxicity categories (I, II, III, IV) based on LD₅₀ and LC₅₀ values (Table 1). The lower the LD₅₀ value, the more hazardous the material. Categories III and IV are generally considered to be low hazard. Required protective gear for these materials will generally be minimal compared with products in categories I and II. Since other factors can be important in determining hazard, LD₅₀ values should not be used as ultimate indexes of toxicity and hazard in practical fieldwork. Note that restricted-use status in New York may bear no relationship to toxicity. The NYSDEC designates products as restricted-use for a variety of reasons such as where labeling limits use to commercial use only.

1.12.1.1 Pesticide Label Signal Words

Caution: Category III or IV pesticide labels will bear a Caution signal word.

Warning: Pesticides classed in Category II will have a Warning signal word on labels.

Danger: The signal word Danger will be found on Category I pesticides. Products assigned to this category based on oral, inhalation or dermal toxicity (as distinct from skin and eye effects) will also add the word "Poison'' and the skull and crossbones to labels. These materials should be applied only by experienced persons thoroughly familiar with the hazards.

Child hazard warning – “Keep out of reach of children'' will also appear on pesticide product labels, except possibly in cases where the likelihood of contact with children is extremely remote or if the pesticide is approved for use on infants or small children.

1.13 Handling Pesticides

The following precautions in handling pesticides are essential. Practice them without exception.

Avoid skin contact with pesticides. Wear clean, prescribed protective clothing.
Do not inhale or swallow mist and dust. Wear protective respiratory devices as called for on the label.
Wash skin and clothing thoroughly after working with pesticides.
Make advance arrangements with a physician for availability of antidotes in case of emergency.
Post the telephone numbers of available physicians and the nearest poison control center.
Keep pesticide stocks under lock and out of reach of children, animals, and unauthorized persons.
Do not permit untrained persons to handle or apply pesticides.
Mix only enough spray to do the job.
Dispose of containers and unused pesticides according to the label or NYSDEC regulations

Table 1.12.1. Pesticide toxicity categories and label signal words
	I	II	III	IV
Oral LD50	Up to and including 50 mg/kg	From 50 thru 500 mg/kg	From 500 thru 5000 mg/kg	Greater than 5000 mg/kg
Inhalation LC 50	Up to and including 0.2 mg/liter	From 0.2 thru 2 mg/liter	From 2.0 thru 20 mg/liter	Greater than 20 mg/liter
Dermal LD 50	Up to and including 200 mg/kg.	From 200 thru 2000 mg/kg	From 2,000 thru 20,000 mg/kg	Greater than 20,000 mg/kg
Eye effects	Corrosive; corneal opacity not reversible within 7 days	Corneal opacity reversible within 7 days; irritation persisting for 7 days.	No corneal opacity; irritation reversible within 7 days	No irritation
Skin effects	Corrosive	Severe irritation at 72 hours	Moderate irritation at 72 hours	Mild or slight irritation at 72 hours.
Label Signal Word	Danger	Warning	Caution	Caution

Reference: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/tox_categories.htm (Accessed 10/06)

1.14 Useful Pesticide Information and Conversion Tables

Table 1.14.1. LD₅₀ values for insecticide and acaricide active ingredients

		LD₅₀ (mg/kg)
Label¹	Pesticide types	Oral	Dermal
C	Bacillus thuringiensis	L	L
C	carbaryl (Sevin)	500–850	4,000+
W	chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)	97–276	500–2,000
C	diazinon	76–208	455–900
W	dicofol (Kelthane T/O)	1,000–1,100	1,000–1,230
W	dimethoate (Dimethoate, Cygon)	215	400–610
D-P	disulfoton (*Di-Syston)	2–7	6–15
D-P	endosulfan (*Thionex)	18–43	74–130
C	malathion	1,000–1,375	4,444+
C	Spinosad (SpinTor, Conserve)	>2,000	>2,000
W	trichlorfon (*Dylox)	560–630	2,000+

₁ C = Caution, W = Warning, P = Poison, L = Little or no reaction at dosage tested.
*restricted-use pesticides; may be purchased and used only by certified applicators or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator

Table 1.14.2. Insecticides grouped according to their relative hazards to honey bees
Insecticides	Remarks
Group I—Highly toxic	Severe losses may be expected if used when bees are present.
acephate (Orthene TT&O)
carbaryl WP, 4F (Sevin)
chlorpyrifos (Dursban, Lorsban)
deltamethrin (*DeltaGard)
diazinon (*Diazinon)
dimethoate (Dimethoate)
lambda-cyhalothrin (*Scimitar)
malathion (Malathion)
permethrin (Astro, Permethrin)
Group II—Moderately toxic	Do not apply when bees are working in a field, or around flowering plants in a landscape planting.
carbaryl (Sevin 4-Oil)
disulfoton (*Di-Syston)
endosulfan (*Thionex)
Group III—Relatively nontoxic	Can be used around bees with minimum injury.
DiPel, Javelin, Foray (Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki)
carbaryl (Sevin SL, XLR)
diflubenzuron (*Dimilin)
fluvalinate (*Mavrik)
horticultural oil
propargite (Ornamite)
pyrethrins (Pyrenone, Pyronyl, PyGanic)
trichlorfon (*Dylox)
*restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used only by certified applicators or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
Table modified from original compilation by Atkins, Kellum, and Atkins, Univ. of California, Riverside.

Table 1.14.3. Liquid measure equivalents (volume)
Gallons	Quarts	Pints	Cups	Fluid ounces	Tablespoons	Teaspoons	Milliliters
1	4	8	16	128
	1	2	4	32
		1	2	16
			1	8
				1	2	6	30
					1	3	15
						1	5
Note: For accurate measurements of small quantities, a graduated cylinder should be used and amounts determined in milliliters. 1 fl. oz. is equal to about 30 milliliters.

Table 1.14.4. Amounts of liquid concentrate to obtain percentage mixtures by weight
% Conc. (EC)²	Amt. actual insecticide per gal. conc.	Gallons of conc. needed to make 100 gal. spray at given percent dilution¹
% Conc. (EC)²	Amt. actual insecticide per gal. conc.	1%	3%	5%	10%	12.50%
10–12	1.0 lb.	8.35	25.05	41.75	83.5	—
18–20	1.5 lb.	5.56	16.68	27.8	55.66	69.5
23–25	2.0 lb.	4.17	12.5	20.85	41.7	52.13
45–48	4.0 lb.	2.08	6.25	10.43	20.8	26.07
55–57	6.0 lb.	1.4	4.2	7	14	17.5
70–75	8.0 lb.	1.04	3.12	5.21	10.4	13.03
Note: Figures are approximate for quick field calculations.
¹To determine portion of a gallon, multiply hundredths by 8 pints. Example: 1.4 = 1 gal. plus 0.4 x 8 pt. = .32 or 1/3 pt. Use 1 gal. plus 1/3 pt.
²EC = emulsifiable concentrate

Table 1.14.5. Amount of formulated material to apply correct active ingredient per 1,000 square feet
	*Amount of herbicide per 1,000 sq. ft.*
	AI/A (lb.)
Formulation	1	2	4	5	10
Granular formulations
1G	2 lb. 5 oz.	4 lb. 10 oz.	9 lb. 3 oz.	11 lb. 8 oz.	23 lb.
2G	1 lb. 2 oz.	2 lb. 5 oz.	4 lb. 10 oz.	5 lb. 13 oz.	11 lb. 8 oz.
5G	7 oz.	15 oz.	1 lb. 14 oz.	2 lb. 5 oz.	4 lb. 10 oz.
10G	4 oz.	8 oz.	15 oz.	1 lb. 5 oz.	2 lb. 5 oz.
Liquid formulations (mix with water)
1EC, FL, AS, or WS	3 fl. oz.	6 fl. oz.	12 fl. oz.	15 fl. oz.	29 fl. oz.
2EC, FL, AS, or WS	1.5 fl. oz.	3 fl. oz.	6 fl. oz.	7.5 fl. oz.	15 fl. oz.
4EC, FL, AS, or WS	0.75 fl. oz.	1.5 fl. oz.	3 fl. oz.	3.7 fl. oz.	7.5 fl. oz.
Dry formulations (mix with water)

Pest Management Guidelines A Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication	Cornell Guide for Pest Management of Trees and Shrubs
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