2 Sprayer Application Technology

Contents

2.1 Calibration of Application Equipment 1

2.1.1 Sprayer Calibration. 1

2.1.2 Backpack or Hand-held Sprayer Calibration. 2

2.2 Decontaminating Turfgrass Sprayers. 2

2.2.1 Reducing Cleaning Problems. 2

2.2.2 Sprayer Cleansers. 3

2.2.3 Tank Rinse Systems (Low-Volume Tank Rinsing) 3

2.2.4 Cleaning the Sprayer 3

2.3 Minimizing Pesticide Drift 5

2.3.1 Droplet Size. 5

2.3.2 Nozzle Type and Size. 5

2.3.3 Sprayer Design. 5

2.3.4 Sprayer Calibration. 5

2.3.5 Weather 5

2.3.6 Management Strategies to Reduce Drift 5

2.4 Sprayer Preparation. 6

2.4.1 The Power Unit 6

2.4.2 The Operation of the Sprayer 6

 

2.1 Calibration of Application Equipment

There are only 3 main factors affecting application rate:

·         forward speed

·         orifice size

·         system pressure (for liquid products)

 

2.1.1 Sprayer Calibration

Sprayer calibration is a two part exercise and should be conducted during the pre-season check and at regular intervals during the spraying season.

 

 

Step 1. Travel Speed Calibration
Travel speed is a critical factor in maintaining accurate application rates and will influence spray deposition. The slower a sprayer travels, the greater the uniformity in spray deposition. Although there is inconsistency in research results that try to determine the effect of travel speed on average spray deposition, all studies to date have been in agreement that the higher the travel speed, the greater the variability in spray deposit. Variation in spray deposit is an important factor where uniformity of spray coverage throughout the canopy is required. Conclusions from research were drawn using travel speeds of 1-4 mph.   Factors that will affect travel speed include: ·         weight of sprayer ·         slope of terrain ·         ground conditions traveled over (wheel slippage!)   The best way to measure travel speed is to operate the sprayer with the tank half filled with water on the same type of terrain as the sprayer will be operated on.   Set up test course at least 100 feet long, measure the course with a tape measure. Do not pace the distance. The longer the course the smaller the margin of error. Run the course in both directions.   Use an accurate stop watch to check the time required to travel the course in each direction. Average the two runs and use the following formula to calculate the speed in MPH.   Formula Ft. traveled X 60 = MPH Sec. traveled 88   Your figures: Tractor gear__________ Engine revs. _________   ft. X 60 = ____MPH _____sec 88
Step 2.A. Record the inputs (for acre basis)	Your figures	Example
Nozzle type on your sprayer (all nozzles must be identical)	_______________	110 04 flat fan
Recommended application volume (from manufacturer’s label)	_______________	20 gallons/acre
Measured sprayer speed	_______________	4 mph
Nozzle spacing	_______________	20 inches
Step 2.B. Record the inputs (for 1000 sq. ft. basis)	Your figures	Example
Nozzle type on your sprayer (all nozzles must be identical)	_______________	110 04 flat fan
Recommended application volume (from manufacturer’s label)	_______________	1 gallon/1000 sq. ft.
Measured sprayer speed	_______________	4 mph
Nozzle spacing	_______________	20 inches

 

Step 3.A Calculate the required nozzle output (acre basis)	Example: GPM = 20 X 4 X 20  =  1600  =  0.27 GPM                    5940            5940
Formula: GPM =  GPA X mph X nozzle spacing                           5940 (constant)	Your figures GPM=           X           X             =  ________   =        GPM                          5940                           5940
Step 3.B Calculate the required nozzle output (1000 sq. ft. basis)	Example: GPM = 1 X 4 X 20 =     80  =  0.59 GPM                            136         136
Formula: GPM = Gal/1000 sq. ft.  X mph X nozzle spacing                                  136 (constant)	Your figures: GPM =            X           X           .  =  ________  =                  GPM 136                       136
Step 4. Operate the sprayer
·         Set the correct pressure at the gauge using the pressure regulating valve. ·         Collect and measure the output of each nozzle for one minute. ·         The output of each nozzle should be the approximately the same as calculated in Step 3 above. Remember 128 fl. ozs in one gallon. If output has been calculated at 0.27 GPM then output is 128 multiplied by 0.27 = 34.5 fl.ozs in one minute. ·         Consult the nozzle manufacturers handbook for nozzle flow and pressure. ·         Replace all nozzle tips which are more than 5% inaccurate.

 

 

2.1.2 Backpack or Hand-held Sprayer Calibration

Use clean water

 

Dynamic calibration

1.    Select correct nozzle and pressure

2.    Measure an area 10 feet x 10 feet on concrete

3.    Fill sprayer to a known level, mark position

4.    Spray the measured area

5.    Refill sprayer to the mark

6.    Compare quantity collected with nozzle chart and desired amount

 

Static calibration

1.    Select correct nozzle and pressure

2.    Measure an area 10 feet x 10 feet on concrete, spray and record time taken

3.    Carry out stationary run of same time duration, catching liquid in a graduated measuring jug

4.    Compare quantity collected with nozzle chart and desired amount.

 

2.2 Decontaminating Turfgrass Sprayers

Sprayers must be thoroughly cleaned inside and out after use. Ideally, a sprayer should be cleaned at the end of each day and especially before switching to a different pesticide. Pesticide residues left on the outside of the sprayer can cause operator contamination. Residues on the inside of the tank or left over pesticides trapped inside the sprayer plumbing system can also contaminate the operator.

 

Sprayers can also retain tremendous amounts of pesticide solution. Depending on the size and design of the sprayer, there can be nearly 6 gallons of solution left in a sprayer's plumbing. As illustrated in the following table, research conducted on boom sprayers has shown that, depending on the spray tank size, the total chemical solution retained in the sprayer ranged from just under 3 gallons to over 12 gallons. While most turfgrass sprayers are smaller than the examples quoted in the table, operators should be aware that remnants exist and care should be taken. The parts that retained the most chemical solution are the chemical induction bowl, the booms, the tank and the pump and its related piping.

 

Tests have shown that triple rinsing the spray tank is better than using just one single rinse. For example, using 100 gallons of clean water in one single rinse to clean a 100-gallon sprayer tank reduced the concentration of the original spray solution from 100% to 5% both in the tank and at the nozzle. If triple rinsing was performed using 33 gallons of clean water per rinse, a concentration of 0.2% to 0.5% was gained. The aim is for maximum dilution with minimal use of water. The following table illustrates how triple rinsing reduces the pesticide concentration at the nozzle and the tank drain.

 

 

Before rinsing a sprayer, read the sprayer manufacturer’s instructions for specific guidance on the best methods for cleaning your equipment. Also consult the pesticide label for any special cleaning instructions. When cleaning spray equipment, you should use the protective clothing listed on the pesticide label. Sprayer cleaning should be done so that rinse water does not enter any waterway, field drainage system, or well. Ideally, sprayer rinsate should be applied to a labeled crop. If rinsing needs to be done at the mixing/loading site, it must be done on an impervious surface. All contaminated rinse water must be trapped and either used to mix another load of the same pesticide at the label recommended rates or disposed of at an approved pesticide waste handling facility.

 

2.2.1 Reducing Cleaning Problems

The need for cleaning can be reduced by good planning and equipment maintenance. The following are suggestions to help reduce cleaning needs:

·         Carefully plan how much pesticide to mix so that all mixed pesticides are used up when you are finished with the field.

·         Be sure that the sprayer is clean before you use it.

·         Make sure all parts of the sprayer are in good condition. Corroded, cavitated or pitted surfaces are prime areas for pesticide residue to hide. Replace any worn parts.

·         Mix the chemicals in the correct order. Some chemicals, when mixed in the wrong order, can actually become more difficult to remove from the equipment. Consult the pesticide label for the proper mixing order.

·         Follow any label instructions for cleaning spray equipment.

·         Be sure that cleaning solutions contact ALL equipment surfaces.

·         Remove and clean filters, strainers and nozzle screens separately from the rest of the sprayer.

 

 

 

 

 

2.2.2 Sprayer Cleansers

Several sprayer cleansers are commercially available. These cleansers should be selected based on the pesticide formulation used. Specific recommendations can be found on the pesticide label, by contacting the pesticide manufacturer or through the label or manufacturer of the cleaning agent you wish to use. Some available cleansers are listed in the table below. Household detergents, such as laundry soaps and household ammonia, can also be used, but they may not adequately deactivate and solublize the pesticides for effective cleaning. Chlorine bleach solutions should not be used. Cleaning agents can be used to wash both the inside and outside of the sprayer. When using commercial cleansers, follow the product's instructions for the best results.

 

2.2.3 Tank Rinse Systems (Low-Volume Tank Rinsing)

Tank rinse systems consist of a clean water supply tank mounted to the sprayer and one or more rotating discs or nozzles mounted inside the main sprayer tank. Water is pumped from the clean water tank to the rinse nozzles where the water is sprayed around the inside of the spray tank. These systems are designed for in-field rinsing of the sprayer so that the tank washings can be applied to the field and reduce the amount of time spent traveling.

A tank rinse system can be purchased as an option on some sprayers or as an add-on kit. Rinse systems can also be made from readily available parts and installed on the sprayer. A sample rinse system layout is shown in Figure 2.2.1. A typical rinse system uses 360-degree tank wash nozzles mounted in the top of the tank. These nozzles are available in flow rates of 10 gallons of water per minute at 20 psi up to 20 GPM at 50 psi. If a spray tank has baffles, at least one rinse nozzle per compartment should be provided. In any case, a sufficient number of rinse nozzles should be installed to provide enough rinse water to contact the entire tank interior.

 

A clean water tank can be plumbed into the sprayer plumbing system to provide the clean rinse water. This tank should be permanently marked "Clean Water Only" so that only clean water is placed in the tank, reducing the chance for contamination of the rinse system. The tank should be mounted above the pump in order to aid in priming the pump. Ideally, the tank should be mounted on the sprayer.

 

When using tank rinse systems, you may want to check the pesticide label or with the chemical manufacturer to be sure that low-volume rinsing is suitable for the products you're using. Also, during the rinse process, be sure to open and close the pressure valve and other control valves on the sprayer to ensure that any chemical that may be trapped in the valve is rinsed out, further reducing the chance for contamination of future pesticide mixes. To obtain the best results, practice using the rinse system by placing spray marker dye or food coloring in the spray tank. Using the rinse system, run three rinse cycles, making sure the water discharged from the nozzles is completely clear by the end of the third rinse.

 

2.2.4 Cleaning the Sprayer

The pesticide applicator should try to keep the volume of tank wash water produced to a minimum. Ideally a tank rinse system should be used.

 

Reminder: Before cleaning application equipment, remember to wear the protective clothing listed on the pesticide label.

1.    Be sure that all mixed pesticides have been used up from the sprayer or removed and disposed of properly.

2.    Flush sprayer with clean water, making sure to wash all inside surfaces of the tank, including the underside of the lid. Use of a tank rinse system is preferred so that rinsing can be done in the field where the rinse water can be applied to the crop. If a tank rinse system is not available, fill the spray tank about half full with clean water and flush the system for at least 5 minutes using both agitation and spraying. Be sure to open and close any control valves during the rinse process. The rinsate should be applied to the crop at labeled rates. Repeat this procedure two more times.